Wildlife Management and Vector Control for an FAD Response in

Wildlife Management and Vector Control for an FAD Response in Domestic Livestock Overview Adapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife Management and Vector Control for an FAD Response in Domestic Livestock (2014)

This Presentation Definitions of relevant terms APHIS Authorities Significance of wildlife in an FAD Roles and responsibilities Wildlife management methods and plans FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 2 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Definitions - OIE Wild animal: “an animal that has a phenotype unaffected by human selection and lives independent of direct human supervision or control” Wildlife: “all free-ranging animals, including native and exotic wildlife species, as well as feral domestic animals” FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 3 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Definitions cont’d Feral: domestic animals not confined Wildlife reservoir: free-ranging species as a potential source of infection/infestation Vector: any living organism that can carry disease agents – Biological transmission: disease agent transfer from host to susceptible animal – Mechanical transmission: disease agent transfer from host to susceptible animal via external body parts FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 4 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Definitions cont’d FAD: animal disease or pest not known to exist in US or territories Emerging disease: change or mutation in pathogenicity, communicability or zoonotic potential to become a threat When livestock outbreak involves wildlife - USDA APHIS and authorities with jurisdiction over wildlife collaborate FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 5 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

USDA APHIS Authorities for Responding to an FAD Outbreak in Domestic Livestock

APHIS Authority Animal Health Protection Act (AHPA) – Authorizes Secretary of Agriculture – Prevent, detect, control, eradicate Title 9 of the CFR – Regulations for disease control VS Memo 573.1 – “Animal Health Policy in Relation to Wildlife” Requires collaborative relationships between agencies of authority FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 7 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Relevance of Wildlife in an FAD Outbreak in Domestic Livestock or Poultry

Epidemiological Factors Interactions between host, agent, environment Agent: range, resistance, affinity, dose, mode of transmission Host: species, age, immune/nutritional status Environment: housing, care, weather, vector presence FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 9 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Epidemiological Factors cont’d Immediately assess wildlife during an FAD – Detect cases – Understand disease characteristics – Identify disease risks – Provide information for control – Evaluate effectiveness of control and adjust Ecological factors FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 10 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

International Trade Implications OIE distinguishes between wildlife infection and domestic infection for some diseases – wildlife role in transmission, maintenance of agent Not all countries will follow OIE guidelines for trade FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 11 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Roles and Responsibilities ICS, NIMS, Unified Command Wildlife Cell, Vector Control Group Protect domestic animals and wildlife All personnel have proper training Wildlife Services coordinates with other agencies – SERS, NWDP Livestock owners, producers FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 12 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Wildlife Management Methods and Plans in an FAD Outbreak in Domestic Livestock

Steps of Wildlife Management FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 14 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Assessing Wildlife Population surveys Visual inspection – Ground surveys, aerial surveys Local reports Carcasses Live animal capture Sentinels FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 15 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Disease Surveillance Presence, spread, and/or prevalence Consider animal movement into and out of Control Area Diagnostic sampling may be necessary – Live capture, observation, carcass collection Parameters should be outlined in surveillance plan FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 16 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Contain and Control Wildlife Manipulate populations, habitat, or other factors Removal, relocation, dispersal, containment Buffer zones Monitor, surveillance for effectiveness Impacts evaluated FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 17 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Animal and Personnel Safety Safety is a priority – Trained and experienced personnel Animal safety – Minimize stress on animals Personnel safety – Chain of command with assigned duties – Determine all animal procedures, equipment, safety plans ahead of time FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 18 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Demonstrating Disease Freedom Reestablishing international trade Wildlife-specific surveillance plan may need to be developed Not always feasible, practical for wildlife FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 19 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Developing a Wildlife Management Plan

Factors to Consider Epidemiology – Study distribution of disease – Data, observations of animals Ecology – Location, habitat, seasonal social/feeding behavior Resources – Availability, personnel, equipment Socio-political – Economy, law, regulation, public opinion, safety FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 21 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Personnel, Equipment, Reporting Personnel – Understand biosecurity, safety protocols – Hazard exposure may include zoonosis – PPE, vaccination – Safety Officer – safe work procedures Equipment, cleaning and disinfection Information collected, reported – Manage, store, analyze, disseminate FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 22 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Vector Control in an FAD Outbreak in Domestic Livestock

Vector-borne FADs Transmission of disease pathogen – Mechanical – Biological Methods of vector control – Understand life cycle and relationship to host and pathogen – Focus on habitat reduction, minimizing contact, chemical/biological control FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 24 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Methods of Vector Control Habitat reduction – Change vector-required conditions Minimizing contact – Limit exposure to habitat or during activity Chemical control – Supplemental measure – Apply to vector habitat, to animal, or feed as insect growth regulators Biological control – Release agents or natural predators FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 25 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Other Response Activities

Response Activities Movement control Biosecurity – Prevent spread of disease on personnel, vehicles, equipment, etc. – Adhere to Incident Command restrictions on movement and quarantine Communication – C&D Euthanasia – Must be treated humanely at all times – Public Information Officer will address public issues on outbreak FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview – Follow disposal protocols 27 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

For More Information FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife Management and Vector Control for an FAD Response in Domestic Livestock http://www.aphis.usda.gov/fadprep Wildlife Management and Vector Control web-based training module http://naherc.cfsph.iastate.edu/ FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 28 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Guidelines Content Authors (CFSPH) Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH, DACVPM Nicole Seda, BS Meghan Blankenship, BS Heather Allen, PhD, MPA Contributor (USDA) Jonathan Zack, DVM FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 29 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Guidelines Content Reviewers (USDA) Randall Levings, DVM, MS Randall Crom, DVM Michael Messenger, PhD Michael David MS, VMD, MPH Wildlife Disease Steering Committee Subject Matter Experts Claudio L. Afonso Samantha Gibbs, DVM, PhD D. Scott McVey, DVM, PhD, DACVM David Suarez, DVM FAD-PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Wildlife, Vector Control – Overview 30 USDA APHIS and CFSPH

Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services PPT Authors: Abbey Smith, Student Intern; Janice Mogan, DVM Reviewers: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Heather Allen, PhD, MPA