Why is DNA called a nucleic acid? Introduction: DNA REPLICATION

Why is DNA called a nucleic acid? Introduction: DNA REPLICATION Chromosomes in the original cell DNA Replication makes identical copes of the DNA in the nucleus Chromosomes after DNA replication Mitosis: The division of the DNA in the nucleus Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm Two cells; each with Chromosomes

Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of DNA DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids. They are composed of nucleotides Base 5 Carbon Sugar

Two nucleotides Base Sugar Phosphate Bases A Adenine T Thymine G Guanine C Cytosine

The Bases Purines G A Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Pyrimidines C T Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bonds

DNA Replication Original Strand GC TA AT GC CG TA Template New Strand G T A G C T New Strand Template C A T C G A DNA Replication is Semi conservative. What does this mean?

DNA Replication Original Strand GC TA AT GC CG TA New Strand New Strand Template G T A G C T ½ Old Template C A T C G A GC TA AT GC CG TA ½ New DNA Replication is Semiconservative. What does this mean?

The Enzyme is Required for DNA Replication

The Bases In Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Only in Only in

DNA Versus RNA DNA is stranded The 5C sugar in DNA is The 4 bases found in DNA are: 1. 2. 3. 4. RNA is stranded The 5C sugar in RNA is The 4 bases found in RNA are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Transcription Translation Protein

Review: Proteins Proteins are composed of? The primary structure of a protein is its? The site of protein synthesis it the?

The RNA Dictionary

This strand does not code for RNA DNA: TAC AAA CTA CCT ATA ACT ATA RNA Polymerase RNA: Protein Sample Problem The template codes for the RNA strand RNA Polymerase *Note: The DNA template is the strand that codes for the RNA

Sample Problem DNA: RNA: Protein TAC AAA CTA CCT ATA ACT ATA ATG TTT GAT GGA TAT TGA TAT *The template The other half RNA Polymerase AUG UUU GAU GGA UAU UGA UAU Met Phe Asp Gly Tyr *Note: The DNA template is the strand that codes for the RNA

ATGTTTGGGTTAATTGCTTGCTTCCGGACTTAA Complementary DNA Strand TACAAACCCAATTAACGAACGAAGGCCTGAATT DNA Template for RNA Synthesis Transcription AUGUUUGGGUUAAUUGCUUGCUUCCGGACUUAA Unprocessed RNA in the nucleus Remove Introns (Represented by bold bases) and splice Exons together before RNA leaves the nucleus Processed RNA with Introns removed Translation: Show the amino acid sequence of the protein

Transfer RNA Amino acid attachment site Anticodon G C U C G A Codon on mRNA

Sample Problem DNA: mRNA: DNA Template TAC AAA ATG TTT The other strand of the DNA molecule AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA Finish the DNA the made the given RNA Finish drawing the tRNA’s for the codons indicated with red arrows Show the primary structure of the protein synthesized with the given mRNA

Sample Problem DNA: TAC AAA CTA TTC GGT ATT ATG TTT GAT AAG CCA TAA Met Pro U A C mRNA: The Protein G G U AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA Met Phe Asp Lys Pro

Sample Problem DNA: DNA Template TAC AAA CTA TTC GGT ATT ATG TTT GAG AAG GGA TAA The other strand of the DNA molecule MET UA C mRNA: PRO GG U AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA Finish the DNA the made the given RNA Finish drawing the tRNA’s for the codons indicated with red arrows Show the primary structure of the protein synthesized with the given mRNA Methionine – Phenylananine - Aspartic acid - Lysine - Proline

Mutations Carcinogens For mutations to be passed to your offspring they must occur in what types of cells? – Examples: Somatic Cells Versus Germ-line Cells Carcinogens typically affect what types of cells?

Sickle Cell Anemoa

Summary The genetic code is universal Mutations can be harmful Mutations are a source of genetic variability The genetic code is a triplet code. Three bases code for one amino acid Substances that cause mutations are called mutagenic agents. Many mutagenic agents are also carcinogenic.