Theme 2 Politics and society in Europe from the late 18th century

Theme 2 Politics and society in Europe from the late 18th century to the 1870s Chapter 1 – Industrialization and the speed-up of economic and social changes in Britain Key question: How did industrialisation affect economic growth and led to main changes in the British way of life and worldwide from the late 18th century to 1870s? REMINDER from THEME 1! REVOLUTION: a very important change in the way that people do things ie a technological revolution Leeds in 1895 Leeds in 1782 Industrial revolution: process of significant economic development and change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and powerdriven Source: machine manufacturing. Leeds City Council website, 2003

Global Spread of Industrialization Source: industrialsociety30.weebly.com This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

I) A) Industrialization and economic modernisation Great Britain, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution Key question: Why is Britain considered as the cradle of the Industrial revolution? General preconditions to be considered Natural resources Labour force Capital Entrepreneurship Markets Technilogical level/cultural environment Stable political atmosphere Specific factors contributing to Britain’s role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services. This includes not just land, but anything that comes from the land. Some common land or natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources are the raw materials in the production process. These resources can be renewable, such as forests, or nonrenewable such as oil or natural gas. The income that resource owners earn in return for land resources is called rent. The second factor of production is labor. Labor is the effort that people contribute to the production of goods and services. Labor resources include the work done by the waiter who brings your food at a local restaurant as well as the engineer who designed the bus that transports you to school. It includes an artist's creation of a painting as well as the work of the pilot flying the airplane overhead. If you have ever been paid for a job, you have contributed labor resources to the production of goods or services. The income earned by labor resources is called wages and is the largest source of income for most people. The third factor of production is capital. Think of capital as the machinery, tools and buildings humans use to produce goods and services. Some common examples of capital include hammers, forklifts, conveyer belts, computers, and delivery vans. Capital differs based on the worker and the type of work being done. For example, a doctor may use a stethoscope and an examination room to provide medical services. Your teacher may use textbooks, desks, and a whiteboard to produce education services. The income earned by owners of capital resources is interest. The fourth factor of production is entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur is a person who combines the other factors of production - land, labor, and capital - to earn a profit. The most successful entrepreneurs are innovators who find new ways produce goods and services or who develop new goods and services to bring to market. Without the entrepreneur combining land, labor, and capital in new ways, many of the innovations we see around us would not exist. Think of the entrepreneurship of Henry Ford or Bill Gates. Entrepreneurs are a vital engine of economic growth helping to build some of the largest firms in the world as well as some of the small businesses in your neighborhood. Entrepreneurs thrive in economies where they have the freedom to start businesses and buy resources freely. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit.

GROUP WORK: let’s answer the question by making a mindmap. INSTRUCTIONS Each student (1 or 2) is going to have one topic/factor assigned Each one is going to contribute to the making of the mindmap, providing a comprehensive answer to the question.

Document A: The population growth of European cities in the period 1470-1750 Source: http://www.millwall-history.org.uk/ 31,000,000 lbs (pounds) 13 000 000 kg

Portraits of Matthew Boulton and James Watt on a 2011 British fifty pound banknote. Souce: Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images English manufacturer Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819) The partnership was formed in 1775 to exploit Watt's patent for a steam engine. Boulton enabled to market Watt's steam engine. steam engines, which were a great advance on the state of the art, making possible the mechanization of factories and mills.

James Watt improved Newscomen’s steam engine 1765: James Watt introduced a refined steam engine that was more powerful and more efficient than the earlier engines used for pumping. used a piston to drive a wheel rather than a pump wide range of applications.

Using the discussion we had in class about the various documents, let’s know try to answer the key question in an organized way! The preconditions to be considered Natural resources Labour force Capital Entrepreneur ship Markets Stable political environment Technology level Factors contributed to Britain’s role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

B) From a rural and an agricultural world to urbanization and the development of the factory system Key question: How did industrialization contribute to a more mechanized, urbanized and interconnected society? Rain, Steam and Speed 1844 – oil painting by the 19th-century British painter J. M. W. Turner. The Great Western Railway depicted was the fastest railway in Europe The painting was first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1844, though it may have been painted earlier. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery, London.

Stockton & Darlington Railway, in England, first railway in the world to operate freight and passenger service with steam traction. line from Stockton on the coast to Darlington to exploit a rich vein of coal.

Development of urbanization London, 1 million biggest city in the world Camden Town engine works and stationary engine chimneys, built on the London and Birmingham Railway Source: etching, Thomas Roscoe, 1839 Industrialisation an unprecedented explosion of new ideas and new technological inventions which created an increasingly industrial and urban country.

Let’s know answer the key question in an organised way! Industrialisation Provide some precise elements justifying each key contributed to a more idea using the video and the documents on the slide. Mechanized environment Urbanized society Interconnected Britain

II) Social changes and the emergence of the social issue Key question: What was the impact of the Industrial revolution on the British way of life? A) The dreadful working conditions Ever a toiling child doth make us sad: 'T is an unnatural and mournful sight, Because we feel their smiles should be so glad, Because we know their eyes should be so bright. What is it, then, when, tasked beyond their might, They labour all day long for others' gain,-Nay, trespass on the still and pleasant night, While uncompleted hours of toil remain? Poor little FACTORY SLAVES--for You these lines complain! Beyond all sorrow which the wanderer knows, Is that these little pent-up wretches feel; Where the air thick and close and stagnant grows, And the low whirring of the incessant wheel Dizzies the head, and makes the senses reel: There, shut for ever from the gladdening sky, Vice premature and Care's corroding seal Stamp on each sallow cheek their hateful die, Line the smooth open brow, and sink the saddened eye. Caroline Norton, Excerpt from A voice from the factories, 1836

Source: https://www.uncp.edu/

Emmeline Pankhurst was a regular visitor to the Chorlton Workhouse. "When I came into office I found that the law was being very harshly administered. The old board had been made up of the kind of men who are known as rate-savers. They were guardians, not of the poor but of the rates For instance, the inmates were being very poorly fed. I found the old folks in the workhouse sitting on backless forms, or benches. They had no privacy, no possessions, not even a locker. After I took office I gave the old people comfortable Windsor chairs to sit in, and in a number of ways we managed to make their existence more endurable". She was also very concerned about the way the Workhouse treated young children: "The first time I went into the place I was horrified to see little girls seven and eight years on their knees scrubbing the cold stones of the long corridors. These little girls were clad, summer and winter, in thin cotton frocks, low in the neck and short sleeved. At night they wore nothing at all, night dresses being considered too good for paupers. The fact that bronchitis was epidemic among them most of the time had not suggested to the guardians any change in the fashion of their clothes." Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story (1914) pages 24-26

B) The struggle for more rights and the role of the Unions Trade unions were formed when growing numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions. 1871 Trade Union Act Although trade union membership continued to grow during the next two decades, up to around 1850 they tended to be overshadowed by political movements such as Chartism This act secured the legal status of trade unions. As a result of this legislation no trade union could be regarded as criminal because "in restraint of trade"; trade union funds were protected. Chartism was a working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes.

Robert Owen, Welsh manufacturer turned reformer, one of the most influential early 19thcentury advocates of utopian socialism. His New Lanark mills in Lanarkshire, Scotland, with their social and industrial welfare programs, became a place of pilgrimage for statesmen and social reformers. Robert Owen 1771-1858 Source:19 th Century Responses to Liberalism Utopian Socialism, Socialism and Karl Marx (Marxism) byGerard Price

Annie Besant reports one of the major women (matchmakers) strikes Conditions were appalling for the 1,400 women and girls who worked at Bryant and May's match factory in Bow, east London. Low pay for a 14-hour day was cut even more if you talked or went to the toilet, and 'phossy jaw' - a horrible bone cancer caused by the cheap type of phosphorus in the matches - was common. An article by women's rights campaigner Annie Besant in the weekly paper, The Link, described the terrible conditions of the factory. The management was furious, but the workers refused to deny the truth of the report. When one of the workers was then fired, an immediate full-scale strike among the match girls was sparked. Public sympathy and support was enormous, surprising the management: it was an early example of what we now call a PR disaster. A few weeks later, they caved in and improved pay and conditions. A dozen years later they stopped using the lethal form of phosphorus. This article from Reynolds's Newspaper on 8 July 1888 reports on the start of the strike. British Library Newspaper Archive.

C) Responses from the State and from local authorities Althorp’s Act 1833: - ban employment for children under 9 yo - limitation to 9 hours/day for children 9-13 yo. - no work at night

Source: Johnny Hemphill