THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION Mikaeline K, Yesica G,

THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION Mikaeline K, Yesica G, Yessenia S, Jonathan L

ROAD TRANSPORTATION * With the growing industry of trade, modern controlledaccess highways originated in the early 1920s in response to the rapidly increasing use of the automobile, the demand for faster movement between cities and as a consequence of improvements in paving processes, techniques and materials. * The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over tracks and walking to there destination that often followed trails. * Modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the automobile gained popularity

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT * Local effects of highways (public roads) are noise, water pollution, habitat destruction/disturbance and local air quality; and the wider effects which may include climate change from vehicle emissions. * The design, construction and management of roads, parking and other related facilities as well as the design and regulation of vehicles can change the impacts to varying degr

WATER TRANSPORTATION With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. * In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by oceangoing sailing ships, such as the Arabic caravel in the 13th century, the Chinese treasure ship in the early 15th century * In the Industrial Revolution, the first steamboats and later diesel-powered ships were developed. * Eventually, submarines were developed mainly for military purposes, for people's general benefit

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT * It was found that where corals are sometimes damaged and, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological diseases. * The corals anchor themselves to certain parts of the wreck. * In some places where corals have become endangered, experts have created fake wrecks to help the corals to grow. * Marine engines are one of the source of pollution in the form of gas and particulate matters emissions that affects air quality causing damage to human health. Toxic air pollutants are associated with cancer.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION * The history of rail transportation dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). * Usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. * Modern rail were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanical Transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive land transport for the next 100 years.

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT * The rail sector has committed itself to cut the specific emissions of rail transport by 30% over the period 19902020. * Noise is perceived as the most important environmental problem for living organisms close to railway lines. * Electric railways could achieve zero CO2 emissions if the electricity production is sourced from renewable energy sources

AVIATION * Started with the invention of Santos Dummont, Brazilian born scientist, who created the 14BIS and the very first motor powered airplanes in the world. * Humanity's desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary stories of Daedalus and Icarus in Greek mythology, and the Vimanas in Indian mythology. * Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually powered aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. * In the beginning of the 21st century, subsonic military aviation focused on eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous vehicles. Several unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs have been developed.

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT ** Combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO2) ocean acidification. *New airliner models in the first decade of the 21st Century were barely more efficient on a seat-mile basis than the latest piston-powered airliners of the late 1950s (e.g. Constellation L-1649-A and DC-7C). Claims for a high gain in efficiency for airliners over recent decades *The German study concluded that aircraft noise clearly and significantly impairs health. For example, a day-time average sound pressure level of 60 decibel increasing coronary heart disease by 61% in men and 80% in women

SPACEFLIGHT * The first human spaceflight was achieved with the Soviet space program's Vostok 1 mission in 1961. * The lead architects behind the mission were Sergei Korolev and Kerim Kerimov, with Yuri Gagarin being the first astronaut. Kerimov later went on to launch the first space docks (Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188) in 1967 and the first space stations (Salyut and Mir series) from 1971 to 1991. * The first spaceflight to the Moon was achieved with NASA's Apollo 11 mission in 1969, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin being the first astronauts on the Moon.

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT * Rocket engines emit reactive gases that cause ozone molecules to break apart. * They also discharge microscopic particles of soot and aluminum oxide, which may increase the rate at which those gases wreak havoc. * Despite all this, spacecraft contribute very little to the global ozone problem.

TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT Roads and Rails: Maintained fairly clean Rails are closed off to avoid injury of pedestrians Various traffic regulation signs -citations given if driver does not follow regulations (and safety precautions)

MOST COMMON METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION Road and rail Public transportation Maritime Aviation Bikes Walking

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BUSES, TAXIS, TROLLEYS, ETC. Pros: * Scheduled arrival and departure * Handicap given priority seats (buses and trolley) * Specific license required per each method of transportation * Drivers have rules to follow to ensure safety * Save on money for: gas, insurance, and parking fees.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN NEW YORK * 56% of the population of New York City uses the public transportation system. (US Census Bureau, 4-2013) * Every 1 billion invested in public transportation capital and operations creates and supports an average of 36,000 jobs. (APTA 2013) * For every 1 invested in public transportation, 4 is generated in economic returns. (APTA 2013) * Almost 60 percent of people who ride public transit are commuting to and from work. (APTA 2013) * New York City buses do not accept paper money because NYC Transit uses giant vacuum hoses to empty fareboxes, a process that would shred bills. (MTA) * NYC Transit - with 468 subway stations - has only 60 fewer stations than the combined total of all other subway systems in the country.

VS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN SAN DIEGO Provision of services: MTS provides bus and rail services directly or by contract with private operators. MTS coordinates all its services and determines the routing, stops, frequencies and hours of operation. *Light Rail: Light rail service is operated by SDTI on four lines (the Blue, Orange, Green and Silver Lines) with a total of 53 stations and 102.6 miles of rail. *Bus: 93 fixed bus routes and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) complementary paratransit service (MTS Access). Fixed route bus service include local, urban, express, premium express and rural routes. *Freight: MTS contracts with the San Diego & Imperial Valley (SD&IV) Railroad and the Pacific Imperial Railroad, Inc. (PIR) to provide freight service to San Diego shippers over SD&AE right-of-way. SD&IV shares certain tracks with SDTI, operating during non-service Trolley hours.

CONS: * Carry many diseased due to the lack of constant decontamination * Time consuming * Can’t control the environment around you * Requires planning

MARITIME The Marine Transportation System, or MTS, consists of waterways, ports, and intermodal landside connections that allow the various modes of transportation to move people and goods to, from, and on the water. The MTS includes the following: * 25,000 miles of navigable channels * 238 locks at 192 locations * Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway *Over 3,700 marine terminals *Numerous recreational marinas * Over 174,000 miles of rail connecting all 48 contiguous States, as well as Canada and Mexico * Over 45,000 miles of interstate highway, supported by over 115,000 miles of other roadways *Over 1,400 designated intermodal connections

TRANSPORTATION IN MEXICO

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION * Calafias * Magallanes Buses * Buses for long distance * Yellow Taxis * Routed Taxis

HOW THEY WORK * The vehicles are owned by a person (different owners for every kind of vehicle) * The drivers rent the vehicle, and have to pay the owners 500.00 pesos daily, as well as having to pay gas * The drivers keep the remaining money

WHAT IT’S LIKE TO RIDE ONE CONS: Drivers: * are disrespectful * Tend to be uneducated * Are careless * Tend to smoke while driving * are in constant competition with each other

CONS (CONT.) * Seats are ripped and too close to each other * No AC * Vehicles constantly break down * Buses don’t have stops, drivers stop where they desire.

PROS * It’s cheap, costing 70 cents. * It gets you to your destination Street conditions in Mexico: * Most streets are paved * Conditions have improved over the last 4 years because of a fund created by the PAN Political Party

STREET CONDITIONS (CONT) Los Alamos, Baja California, land owners had to pay around 400.00 in taxes to have their street renovated. What was a small neighborhood full of holes that became small lakes when it rained in 2010, was renewed in 4 years, and has smooth streets that make it safer for drivers. * On the street next to the Mexican Newspaper, there was a massive hole that was easily seen and could be avoided. However, when it rained, the hole was covered up, and drivers who didn't know the area would move over to the side and half of their car would sink into the hole. This happened every time there was a significant amount of rain. In the summer of 2014, this hole was paved and has made transportation in Tijuana easier.

THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION

BUSES * In Bogotá, Colombia along with other cities in Latin America, the bus rapid transit (BRT) network has improved public transportation * Includes dedicated high speed lanes, prepaid tickets, and designated, enclosed, above ground stations * This system relieves traffic congestion, decreases the cost of transportation, and quickly moves a large number of people * According to the US Transportation Review Board, BRT costs 3m per km covered compared to 70m for light rail

BUSES (CONT): * In South Korea, on line electric vehicle (OLEV), has been implemented * Charges while being driven over cables that create an electromagnetic field * Electromagnetic fields are weak enough to not harm people, and are only activated by sensors when a bus passes over * Battery is smaller than that of a regular electric car * Is energy efficient and reduces consumption of oil

TRAINS * In Southern California, a high-speed rail system is in progress * The high speed reduces travel time * Less vehicles mean more land can be preserved for agriculture or conserved * Creates jobs, and supports small businesses

PREDICTIONS AND SPECULATIONS * Automated driving and parking would allow vehicles to travel faster * Improved communication between vehicles reduces accidents * Evacuated tube transport technologies can reduce the amount of land developed for transportation * Car services such as Uber reduce the number of cars on the road as people do not have to drive their own car

ACCORDING TO HTTP://WWW.SMARTGROWTHAMERIC A.ORG/, “Investments in public transportation generate 31% more jobs per dollar than new construction of roads and bridges. Smart Growth America’s findings show that the payoff was even larger in ARRA spending, with public transportation projects producing 70% more jobs per dollar than road projects. The same historical statistics show that repair work on roads and bridges generates 16% more jobs per dollar than new bridge and road construction. Repair and maintenance projects spend money faster and create jobs more quickly than building new roads because they employ more kinds of workers, spend less money on land and more on wages, and spend less time on plans and permits. Together, the states spent 15.7 billion (58.9%) of flexible ARRA transportation funds on repairing and maintaining roads and bridges; 8.9 billion (33.5%) on building new ones; 1,042.5 million (4%) on nonmotorized projects such as bicycle projects, pedestrian projects and trail projects, and 462.8 million (1.7%) on public transportation projects.”