The History of Managed Care Organizations in the United States Created

The History of Managed Care Organizations in the United States Created by the School of Pharmacy Relations Committee for AMCP Updated: February 2020

Topics Covered History of Managed Care Introduction to Managed Care Organizations

What is Managed Care? Managed care is an organized way to deliver healthcare services by efficiently utilizing healthcare resources to provide quality patient care Managed care principles have been used for over 100 years in the US The major goals of managed care include: Improving quality and accessibility of health care Improving outcomes and overall quality of life for patients Providing cost-effective care

Key MCO Milestones 1929 Dr. Justin Ford Kimball at Baylor Hospital in Texas establishes The Baylor Plan, a prepaid hospitalization plan that first uses the Blue Cross logo 1938 Henry J Kaiser recruits Dr. Garfield to establish prepaid clinic and hospital care for his Grand Coulee Dam project in Washington 1939 Blue Shield program adopted for participating prepaid physician plans 1945 Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound established in Seattle, WA Permanente Health Plans opens to the public in California, in addition to serving Kaiser employees 1947 Health Insurance Plan (HIP) of Greater NY established to serve NY city employees 1952 Permanente Health Plans changes name to Kaiser, while medical group retains Permanente name. Kaiser membership at 250,000 Adapted from: http://www.managedcaremuseum.com.

Key MCO Milestones (cont.) 1973 Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act of 1973 signed into law by President Nixon, using federal funds and policy to promote HMOs 1982 California legislation enacted allowing selective contracting for Medicaid and private insurance, paving the way for other states to enact similar laws facilitating Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) 1990 National total HMO enrollment reaches 33.3 million National PPO enrollment surpasses HMO enrollment with 38.1 million members NCQA established 1996 Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) includes patient privacy compliance and health plan portability provisions 2000 National total HMO enrollment is 80.9 million, declining for the first time from the previous year's level (81.3 million in 1999) Adapted from: http://www.managedcaremuseum.com.

Key MCO Milestones (cont.) 2003 Medicare Modernization Act establishes Part D drug benefit, establishes HSAs, renames Medicare Choice program to Medicare Advantage and increases payment rates to Medicare Advantage plans 2004 National total HMO enrollment is 68.8, and national PPO enrollment is 109 million 2006 National total HMO enrollment is 67.7, and national PPO enrollment is 108 million Medicare Part D prescription benefit becomes effective 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) is approved by Congress and signed into law, including provisions to allow increased access to healthcare for Americans, creates incentives focused on quality, and changes certain payment systems to reward value Adapted from: http://www.managedcaremuseum.com.

Key MCO Milestones (cont.) 2011 Final rule for Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) released by CMS to create incentives for health care providers to better coordinate care CMS established the Shared Savings Program to reward ACOs who lower growth of health care costs while meeting quality of care standards 2012 ACA upheld by Supreme Court 2013 Medicare ACOs in 49 states Open enrollment in the Health Insurance Marketplace begins 2014 Coverage begins under plans purchased in the Health Insurance Marketplace. 2015 Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 becomes law to revise physician payment to focus on quality and outcomes 2017 Congress and Administration consider changes to marketplace plans in ACA Adapted from: http://www.managedcaremuseum.com.

What is a Managed Care Organization (MCO)? Many use the terms MCO and health plans interchangeably to describe a managed care delivery system MCOs include: Managed Medicaid and Medicare programs Employer-offered commercial insurance plans Department of Defense TRICARE programs Integrated delivery systems and ACOs Focus continues to be on controlling costs by controlling supply and demand of all healthcare resources Utilize an array of cost management strategies to influence cost-effective decisions Most common types of MCOs include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)

What is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)? Allegedly coined by Paul Ellwood, MD Focus of the delivery system was on: o Wellness o Health prevention o Comprehensive acute and chronic care Today, HMOs and other group health insurers allow for insured individuals to not have to pay cash from their personal funds for all of their healthcare needs Offer medical and/or prescription coverage

Covered Pharmacy Benefit Many MCOs offer a prescription drug plan as part of the healthcare benefits Prescription medications are essential in preventing and treating a wide variety of acute and chronic conditions Prescription drug plans manage formularies and use utilization management tools and cost-sharing to manage prescription costs Utilization management tools include: o Prior authorization o Step therapy o Quantity limits

References 1. Navarro, Robert P. Managed Care Pharmacy Practice. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2009. 2. Managed Care Museum. Timeline. Modesto, CA: Managed Care Museum. Accessed on: February 22, 2020. http://www.managedcaremuseum.com/timeline.htm. 3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. About the ACA. Accessed on: February 22, 2020. https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html.

Thank you to AMCP members Jonny Clark and Maher Abdel-Sattar for updating this presentation for 2020

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