Supply Chain Management Introduction utdallas/~metin 1

Supply Chain Management Introduction utdallas.edu/ metin 1

Outline What is supply chain management? A supply chain strategy framework Components of a SCM Major obstacles and common problems Seven Eleven Japan utdallas.edu/ metin 2

Traditional View: Supply Chains in the Economy (1990, 1996) Freight Transportation 352, 455 B – Transportation manager in charge – Transportation software Inventory Expense 221, 311 B – Inventory manager in charge – Inventory software Administrative Expense 27, 31 B Logistics related activity 11%, 10.5% of GNP Transportation and inventory managers 898 B spent domestically for SC activities in 1998. 1,160 B of inventory in the US economy in the early 2000s. utdallas.edu/ metin 3

Traditional View: Cost breakdown of a manufactured good Profit Supply Chain Cost Profit Supply Chain Cost 20% Marketing Cost 25% Manufacturing Cost 10% 45% Marketing Cost Manufacturing Cost Effort spent for supply chain activities are invisible to the customers. utdallas.edu/ metin 4

What can Supply Chain Management do? Estimated that the grocery industry could save 30 billion (10% of operating cost) by using effective logistics and supply chain strategies – A typical box of cereal spends 104 days from factory to sale – A typical car spends 15 days from factory to dealership – Faster turnaround of the goods is better? Laura Ashley (retailer of women and children clothes) turns its inventory 10 times a year five times faster than 3 years ago – inventory is emptied 10 times a year, or an item spends about 12/10 months in the inventory. – To be responsive, it relocated its main warehouse next to FedEx hub in Memphis, TE. National Semiconductor used air transportation and closed 6 warehouses, 34% increase in sales and 47% decrease in delivery lead time. utdallas.edu/ metin 5

Magnitude of Supply Chain Management Compaq estimates it lost 0.5 B to 1 B in sales in 1995 because laptops were not available when and where needed P&G (Proctor&Gamble) estimates it saved retail customers 65 M (in 18 months) by collaboration resulting in a better match of supply and demand When the 1 gig processor was introduced by AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), the price of the 800 meg processor dropped by 30% utdallas.edu/ metin 6

Importance of SCM understood by some AMR Research: – "The biggest issue enterprises face today is intelligent visibility of their supply chains-both upstream and down" Forrester Research: – "Companies need to sense and proactively respond to unanticipated variations in supply and demand by adopting emerging technologies such as intelligent agents. To boost their operational agility, firms need to transform their static supply chains into adaptive supply networks” Gartner Group: – “By 2004, 90% of enterprises that fail to apply supply-chain management technology and processes to increase their agility will lose their status as preferred suppliers” » Open ended statement. Agility can be increased continuously. utdallas.edu/ metin 7

Top 25 Supply Chains AMR research http://www.amrresearch.com publishes reports on supply chains and other issues. The Top 25 supply chains report comes out in Novembers. The table on the right-hand side is from The Second Annual Supply Chain Top 25 prepared by Kevin Riley and Released in November 2005. utdallas.edu/ metin 8

SCM Generated Value Minimizing supply chain costs while keeping a reasonable service level customer satisfaction/quality/on time delivery, etc. This is how SCM contributes to the bottom line SCM is not strictly a cost reduction paradigm! utdallas.edu/ metin 9

A picture is better than 1000 words! How many words would be better than 3 pictures? - A supply chain consists of Supplier Manufacturer Distributor Upstream Retailer Customer Downstream - aims to Match Supply and Demand, profitably for products and services SUPPLY SIDE - achieves The right Product utdallas.edu/ metin DEMAND SIDE The right The right The right The right The right Price Store Quantity Customer Time Higher Profits 10

Detergent supply chain: P&G or other manufacturer Plastic cup Producer Chemical manufacturer (e.g. Oil Company) utdallas.edu/ metin Third party DC Tenneco Packaging Paper Manufacturer Albertson’s Supermarket Customer wants detergent Chemical manufacturer (e.g. Oil Company) Timber Industry 11

Flows in a Supply Chain Material Supplier Information Customer Funds The flows resemble a chain reaction. utdallas.edu/ metin 12

SCM in a Supply Network Supply Chain Management (SCM) is concerned with the management and control of the flows of material, information, and finances in supply chains. Cash Products and Services Information THAILAND INDIA N-Tier Suppliers Suppliers Supply Side MEXICO Logistics TEXAS Distributors OEM US Retailers Demand Side Demand Supply The task of SCM is to design, plan, and execute the activities at the different stages so as to provide the desired levels of service to supply chain customers profitably utdallas.edu/ metin 13

Importance of Supply Chain Management In 2000, the US companies spent 1 trillion (10% of GNP) on supply-related activities (movement, storage, and control of products across supply chains). Source: State of Logistics Report Frequent Supply shortages Tier 1 Supplier Glitch-Wrong Material, Machine is Down – effect snowballs Low order fill rates Inefficient logistics Manufacturer Distributor High inventories through the chain Retailer Ineffective promotions Customer High stockouts High landed costs to the shelf Eliminating inefficiencies in supply chains can save millions of . utdallas.edu/ metin 14

A Generic Supply Chain Sources: plants vendors ports Regional Field Warehouses: Warehouses: stocking stocking points points Customers, demand centers sinks Supply Inventory Purchase Transportati on utdallas.edu/ metin Invento ry 15

Cycle View of Supply Chains Customer Customer Order Cycle Retailer Replenishment Cycle Distributor Manufacturing Cycle Any cycle 0. Customer arrival 1. Customer triggers an order 2. Supplier fulfils the order 3. Customer receives the order Manufacturer Procurement Cycle Supplier utdallas.edu/ metin 16

Push vs Pull System What instigates the movement of the work in the system? In Push systems, work release is based on downstream demand forecasts – Keeps inventory to meet actual demand – Acts proactively » e.g. Making generic job application resumes today (e.g.: exempli gratia) In Pull systems, work release is based on actual demand or the actual status of the downstream customers – May cause long delivery lead times – Acts reactively » e.g. Making a specific resume for a company after talking to the recruiter utdallas.edu/ metin 17

Push/Pull View of Supply Chains Procurement, Manufacturing and Replenishment cycles PUSH PROCESSES Customer Order Cycle PULL PROCESSES Customer Order Arrives Push-Pull boundary utdallas.edu/ metin 18

Examples of Supply Chains Dell / Compaq – Dell buys some components for a product from its suppliers after that product is purchased by a customer. Extreme case of a pull process Zara, Spain’s answer to Italy’s Benetton – Sells apparel with a short design-to-sale cycle, avoids markdowns. Toyota / GM / Volkswagen, in the course notes McMaster Carr / W.W. Grainger, sell auto parts Amazon / Barnes and Noble Frozen food industry/Fast food industry/5 star restaurants Internet shopping: Webvan / Peapod utdallas.edu/ metin 19

SCM Strategy utdallas.edu/ metin 20

Mission-Strategy-Tactics-Decisions Mission, Mission statement – Strategy – A plan for achieving organizational goals Tactics – The reason for existence of an organization The actions taken to accomplish strategies Operational decisions – Day to day decisions to support tactics utdallas.edu/ metin 21

Life Strategy for Ted Ted is an undergrad. He would like to have a career in business, have a good job, and earn enough income to live comfortably Mission: Live a good life Goal: Successful career, good income Strategy: Obtain a master’s degree Tactics: Select a college and a concentration Operations: Register, buy books, take courses, study, graduate, get a job utdallas.edu/ metin 22

Linking SC and Business Strategy Competitive (Business) Strategy Product Development Strategy Marketing Strategy -Portfolio of products -Frequent discounts -Timing of product introductions Supply Chain Strategy -Coupons New Product Development Marketing and Sales Operations Distribution Service Finance, Accounting, Information Technology, Human Resources utdallas.edu/ metin 23

Strategies: Product Development It relates to Technologies for future operations (via patents) and Set of products/services Be the technology leader IBM workstations Offer many products Dell computers Offer products for locals Tata’s Nano at 2500 100000 rupees Production at Singur, West Bengal, India; l x w x h 3.1 x 1.5 x 1.6 meters; Top speed: 105km/hr; Engine volume 623 cc; Mileage 50 miles/gallon; Annual sales target 200,000. utdallas.edu/ metin 24

Strategies Marketing and sales strategy relates to positioning, pricing and promotion of products/services – e.g. Never offer more than 40% discount – e.g. EDLP every day low price » At Wal-Mart – e.g. Demand smoothing via coupons » BestBuy Supply chain management strategy relates to procurement, transportation, storage and delivery – e.g. Never use more than 1 supplier for every input – e.g. Never expedite orders just because they are late – e.g. Always use domestic suppliers within the sales season not in advance. utdallas.edu/ metin 25

Fitting the SC to the customer or vice versa? Understand the customer Wishes Understand the Capabilities of your SC Match the Wishes with the Capabilities Challenge: How to meet extensive Wishes with limited Capabilities? utdallas.edu/ metin 26

Achieving Strategic Fit: Consistent SCM and Competitive strategies Fit SC to the customer Understanding the Customer – – – – – – – Range of demand, pizza hut stable Production lot size, seasonal products Response time, organ transplantation Service level, product availability Product variety Innovation Accommodating poor quality utdallas.edu/ metin Implied (Demand) Uncertainty for SC Implied trouble for SC 27

Contributors to Implied Demand Uncertainty Commodities Detergent Long lead time steel Price Low Customized products High Fashion Clothing Emergency steel, for maintenance/replacement Customer Need Implied Demand Uncertainty Responsiveness High Short lead times, product variety, distribution channel variety, high rate of innovation and high customer service levels all increase the Implied Demand Uncertainty utdallas.edu/ metin 28

Understanding the Supply Chain: Cost-Responsiveness Tradeoff Responsiveness (in time, high service level and product variety) High Efficiency frontier Fix responsiveness Inefficient Impossible Inefficiency Region Low High Low Cost in Why decreasing slope (concave) for the efficiency frontier? utdallas.edu/ metin 29

Achieving Strategic Fit: Wishes vs. Capabilities Responsive (high cost) supply chain Gourmet dinner High margin o f it e F n Zo egic t ra t S Responsivenes spectrum Efficient (low cost) supply chain utdallas.edu/ metin Lunch buffet Low margin Certain demand Implied uncertainty spectrum Uncertain demand 30

Loosing the strategic fit: Webvan Webvan started a merger with HomeGrocer in Sept 2000 and completed in May 2001. Declared bankruptcy in July 2001. Why? – “Webvan was so behemoth that could deliver anything to anyone anywhere that it lost sight of a more mundane task: pleasing grocery customers day after day”. – Short to midterm cash mismanagement. Venture capital of 1.2 B run out. – Merger costs: duplicated work force, integration of technology, realignment of facilities. Peapod has the same business model but more focused in terms of service and locations. It actually survives with its parent company Royal Ahold’s (Dutch Retailer) cash. – Delivers now at a fee of 6.95 within a day. utdallas.edu/ metin 31

Top 10 Retailers Reported in 2008 – First 4 utdallas.edu/ metin Source www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/dtt 2008globalpowersofretailing.pdf 32

Top 10 Retailers Reported in 2008 – First 5-10 utdallas.edu/ metin 33

Big retailers’ Strategy Wal-Mart: Efficiency Target: More quality and service Carrefour: International, ambiance K-Mart: Confused. – Squeezed between Target and Wal-Mart – Reliance on coupon sales – Do coupons stabilize or destabilize a Supply chain? K-Mart and Sears merged in November 2004. Now called Sears Holdings. utdallas.edu/ metin » K-Mart gets cash » Sears gets presence outside malls 34

Other Factors Multiple products in a SC. Multiple customers for a given product – Separate supply chains or Tailored supply chains » e.g. Barnes and Noble: Retailing and/or e-tailing – Product and/or customer classes » e.g. UTD library loans books for 6 months (2 weeks) to faculty (students) » Customer segmentation by pricing Competitors: more, faster and global » UTD online programs compete globally Product life cycle (shortening) – SCM strategy moves toward efficiency and low implied uncertainty as products age » e.g. Air travel is becoming more efficient e.g. Southwest airlines lead the drive for efficiency e.g. Airbus announced A380 accommodating 555-800 people on Jan 17, 2005. » e.g. Flat screen TV producer of AU Optronics of Taiwan was looking for ways to make its SC more efficient in June 2004. – Replacement sales » Selling to replace broken units. e.g. AC replacement is about 50% of the market. – Macroeconomic factors for visibility » Forecasting Home Depot sales from S&P 500 price index. utdallas.edu/ metin Positive correlation is detected. 35

Achieving Strategic Fit over a Lifecycle Responsive (high cost) supply chain o f it e F n Zo egic t ra t S Efficient (low cost) supply chain utdallas.edu/ metin Certain demand Uncertain demand 36

Integration Integration is the central theme in SCM Building synergies by integrating business functions, departments and companies utdallas.edu/ metin 37

Strategic Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy utdallas.edu/ metin 38

Supply Chain Drivers and Obstacles utdallas.edu/ metin 39

Drivers of Supply Chain Performance How to achieve Efficiency Responsiveness Supply chain structure Inventory Information utdallas.edu/ metin Transportation Sourcing Facilities Pricing Logistical Drivers CrossFunctional Drivers 40

1. Inventory Convenience: Cycle inventory – No customer buys eggs one by one Unstable demand: Seasonal inventory – Bathing suits – Xmas toys and computer sales Randomness: Safety inventory – 20% more syllabi than the class size were available in the first class – Compaq’s loss in 95 Pipeline inventory – Work in process or transit utdallas.edu/ metin 41

Little’s law Long run averages Expected values I R.T I Pipeline inventory; R output per time throughput; T delay time flow time 10/minute Spend 1 minute Flow time? Thruput? Pipeline (work in process) Inventory? utdallas.edu/ metin 42

2. Transportation Air Truck Rail Ship Pipeline Electronic utdallas.edu/ metin 43

3. Facilities Production – Flexible vs. Dedicated – Flexibility costs » Production: Remember BMW: “a sports car disguised as a sedan” » Service: Can your instructor teach music as well as SCM? » Sports: A playmaker who shoots well is rare. Inventory-like operations: Receiving, Prepackaging, Storing, Picking, Packaging, Sorting, Accumulating, Shipping – Job Lot Storage: Need more space. Reticle storage in fabs. – Crossdocking: Wal-Mart utdallas.edu/ metin 44

4. Information Role in the supply chain – The connection between the various stages in the supply chain – Crucial to daily operation of each stage in a supply chain » E.g., production scheduling, inventory levels Role in the competitive strategy – Allows supply chain to become more efficient and more responsive at the same time (reduces the need for a trade-off) – Information technology » Andersen Windows utdallas.edu/ metin Wood window manufacturer, whose customers can choose from a library of 50,000 designs or create their own. Customer orders automatically sent to the factory. 45

Characteristics of the Good Information Information Global Scope Strategy Information Accurate? Accessible? Up-to-date? In the Correct form? Coordinated Decisions Supply Chain Success Analytical Models » If not, database restricted ability. How difficult is it to import data into SAP? utdallas.edu/ metin 46

Quality of Information Information drives the decisions: – Good information means good decisions IT helps: MRP, ERP, SAP, EDI Relevant information? How to use information? utdallas.edu/ metin 47

Information Technology in a Supply Chain: Legacy Systems Strategic Planning Operational Supplier utdallas.edu/ metin Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer 48

Information Technology in a Supply Chain: ERP Systems Strategic Planning Potential Operational ERP Supplier utdallas.edu/ metin Manufacturer ERP Distributor Potential ERP Retailer Customer 49

Information Technology in a Supply Chain: Analytical Applications Strategic SCM Planning APS Supplier Apps MES Operational Supplier utdallas.edu/ metin Manufacturer Transport & Inventory Planning Transport execution & WMS Distributor Retailer Dem Plan CRM/SFA Customer 50

ERP Systems Wider focus Push (MRP) versus Pull (demand information transmitted quickly throughout the supply chain) Real-time information Coordination and Information sharing Transactional IT Expensive and difficult to implement – About 25% of ERP installations are cancelled within a year – About 70% of ERP installations go over the budget utdallas.edu/ metin 51

IT Push 500 400 300 200 100 0 1965 1973 1981 1989 IT investment( B) utdallas.edu/ metin 1997 52

Supply Chain Software Push See Top 100 under /articles.html Source Kanakamedala, Ramsdell, Srivatsan (2003). McKinsey Quarterly, No 1. utdallas.edu/ metin 53

5. Sourcing Role in the supply chain – Set of processes required to purchase goods and services in a supply chain – Supplier selection, single vs. multiple suppliers, contract negotiation Role in the competitive strategy – Sourcing is crucial. It affects efficiency and responsiveness in a supply chain – In-house vs. outsource decisions- improving efficiency and responsiveness » TI: More than half of the revenue spent for sourcing. » Cisco sources: Low-end products (e.g. home routers) from China. Components of sourcing decisions – In-house versus outsource decisions – Supplier evaluation and selection – Procurement process: » Every department of a firm buy from suppliers independently, or all together. utdallas.edu/ metin EDS to reduce the number of officers with purchasing authorization. 54

6. Pricing Role in the supply chain – Pricing determines the amount to charge customers in a supply chain – Pricing strategies can be used to match demand and supply » Price elasticity: Do you know yours? Role in the competitive strategy – Use pricing strategies to improve efficiency and responsiveness – Low price and low product availability; vary prices by response times » Amazon: Faster delivery is more expensive Components of pricing decisions – Pricing and economies of scale – Everyday low pricing versus high-low pricing – Fixed price versus menu pricing, depending on the product and services » Packaging, delivery location, time, customer pick up » Bundling products; products and services utdallas.edu/ metin 55

Considerations for Supply Chain Drivers Driver Efficiency Responsiveness Inventory Cost of holding Availability Transportation Consolidation Speed Facilities Sourcing Consolidation / Dedicated Low cost/slow/no duplication Low cost sources Proximity / Flexibility High cost/ streamlined/reliable Responsive sources Pricing Constant price Low-high price Information utdallas.edu/ metin 56

Major Obstacles to Achieving Fit SC is big: – Variety of products/services – Spoiled customer – Multiple owners (Procurement, Production, Inventory, Marketing) / multiple objectives – Globalization Local optimization and lack of global fit utdallas.edu/ metin 57

Major Obstacles to Achieving Fit Dealing with Multiple Owners / Local Optimization – Information Coordination » Information sharing / Shyness / Legal and ethical issues – Contractual Coordination » Mechanisms to align local objectives with global ones – Coordination with (real) options » Rare in the practice – Without coordination, misleading reliance on metrics: » Average safety inventory, Average incoming shipment size, Average purchase price of raw materials, Revenue utdallas.edu/ metin 58

Major obstacles to achieving fit Instability and Randomness: – – – – Increasing product variety Shrinking product life cycles Customer fragmentation: Push for customization, segmentation Fragmentation of Supply Chain ownership: Globalization Increasing implied uncertainty utdallas.edu/ metin 59

Common problems Lack of relevant SCM metrics: How to measure responsiveness? » How to measure efficiency, costs, worker performance, etc? Poor inventory status information » Theft: Major problem for furniture retailers. » Transaction errors: Retailers with inaccurate inventory records for 65% of SKUs » Information delays, dated information, incompatible info. systems » Misplaced inventory: 16% of items cannot be found at a major retailer » Spoilage: active ingredients in the products are losing their properties » Product quality and yield » Lack of visibility in SCs utdallas.edu/ metin Do you know the inventory your distribution centers hold? Do you know the inventory your fellow retailer holds? 60

Common problems Poor delivery status information » Not knowing the order status Poor IT design » Unreliable, duplicate data » Security problems: too much or too little Ignoring uncertainties – “The flight from uncertainty and ambiguity is so motivated that we often create pseudocertainty.” – Nitin Nohra, HBR February 2006 issue, p.40. Internal customer discrimination » Giving lower priority to internal customers than external customers Poor integration Elusive inventory costs » Accounting systems do not capture opportunity costs SC-insensitive product design utdallas.edu/ metin 61

Summary Supply Chain Introduction Competitiveness / Business strategy / SCM strategy Components » Inventory, Transportation, Facilities, Information, Sourcing, Pricing Challenges utdallas.edu/ metin 62

Seven Eleven Japan (SEJ) A Case Study utdallas.edu/ metin 63

Factual Information on Seven Eleven Japan (SEJ) Largest convenience store in Japan with market value of 95 B. The third largest retail company in the world after Wal-Mart and Home Depot. Established in 1974. In 2000, total sales 18,000 M, profit 620 M. Average inventory turnover time 7-8.5 days. Stock value increased by 3000 times from 1974 to 2000. In 1985, there were 2000 stores in Japan, increasing by 400-500 per year. Return on equity 14% over 2000-2004. A SEJ store is about the half the size of a US 7-eleven store, that is about 110 m2. Sales: – Products » 32.9% Processed food: drinks, noodles, bread and snacks » 31.6% Fast food: rice ball, box lunch and hamburgers » 12.0% Fresh food: diary products » 25.3% Non-food: magazines, ladies stockings and batteries. – Services: Utility bill paying, installment payments for credit companies, ATMs, photocopying utdallas.edu/ metin 64

More on SEJ More factual info: Average sales about twice of an average US store SKU’s offered in store: Over 3,000 (change by time of day, day of week, season) Virtually no storage space No food cooking at the stores Japanese Images of Seven Eleven: Convenient Cheerful and lively stores Many ready made dinner items I buy Famous for its great boxed lunch and dinner - On weekends, when I was single, I went to buy lunch and dinner SC strategy: Micro matching of supply and demand (by location, time of day, day of week, season) utdallas.edu/ metin 65

Seven Eleven - Number of Stores 1999: 8,027 2004: 10,356 6000 5000 4000 Number of Stores 3000 2000 1000 0 85 utdallas.edu/ metin 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 66

Seven Eleven - Net Sales (B Yen) Sales 1,963 B Yen in 2000 1400 1200 1000 800 Net Sales 600 400 200 0 85 utdallas.edu/ metin 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 67

Seven Eleven - Pre tax Profit (B Yen) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Profit 85 utdallas.edu/ metin 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 68

Seven Eleven - Inventory turnover (days) 14 12 10 8 Inventory 6 4 2 0 85 utdallas.edu/ metin 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 69

Information Strategy Quick access to up to date information (as opposed to data): In 1991, SEJ implemented Integrated Service Digital Network to link stores, headquarter, DCs and suppliers Customer checkout process – Clerk records the customer’s gender, (estimated) age and purchased items. These Point of Sales (POS) data are transmitted to database at the headquarters. » Store hardware: Store computer, POS registers linked to store computer, Graphic Order Terminals, Scanner terminals for receiving Daily use of the data – Headquarters aggregate the data by region, products and time and pass to suppliers and stores by next morning. Store managers deduce trend information. Weekly use of the data – Monday morning, the CEO chairs a weekly strategy formulation meeting attended by 100 corporate managers. – Tuesday morning, strategies are communicated to Operation Field Counselors who arrive in Tokyo on Monday night. – Tuesday afternoon, regional elements (e.g. weather, sport events) are factored into the strategy. Tuesday nights, field counselors return back to their regions. utdallas.edu/ metin 70

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Information Analysis of POS Data Analysis of – – – – Sales for product categories over time SKU (stock keeping unit) Waste or disposal 10 day (or week) sales trend by SKU Sales trends for new product – In the early 1990s, half-prepared fresh noodle sales were going up, new fresh noodle products were quickly developed Sales trend by time and day – Different sales patterns for different sizes of milk at different times of the day results in rearrangement of the milks in the fridge. Extreme store micromanagement. » Let us speculate: Flavored milks are put in front of the pure milks in the evening (or the morning?). List of slow moving items – About half of 3000 SKUs are replaced by new ones every year utdallas.edu/ metin 72

Facilities Strategy Limited storage space at stores which have only 125-150 m2 space – Frequent and small deliveries to stores Deliveries arrive from over 200 plants. Products are grouped by the cooling needs – Combined delivery system: frozen foods, chilled foods, room temperature and hot foods. – Such product groups are cross-docked at distribution centers (DC). Food DCs store no inventory. – A single truck brings a group of products and visits several stores within a geographical region – Aggregation: No supplier (not even coke!) delivers direct The number of truck deliveries per day is reduced by a factor of 7 from 1974 to 2000. Still, at least 3 fresh food deliveries per day. Goods are received faster with the use of scanners. Have many outlets, at convenient locations, close to where customers can walk Focus on some territories, not all: When they locate in a place they blanket (a.k.a. clustering) the area with stores; stores open in clusters with corresponding DC’s. – 844 stores in the Tokyo region; Seven Eleven had stores in 32 out of 47 prefectures in 2004. No stores in Kobe. – Success rate of franchise application 1/100 utdallas.edu/ metin 73

The Present and the Future Is food preparation a good idea at 7-eleven locations? – e.g. Compare microwave heating vs. salad preparation. Why SEJ does not allow direct delivery from suppliers to retailers? Point out which of the following strategies can also be used in US (or Taiwan) – Information strategy – Facilities strategy Discuss the differences between the Japanese and US (or Taiwanese) consumers with regard to – Frequency and amount of grocery purchase – Use of credit cards vs. cash for purchase – 7-eleven inventory turnover rate is 50 in Japan and 19 in the USA. 7-eleven growing rapidly in the US so it aims to be a web depot in both the US and Japan. Does this make sense from a supply chain perspective? – Cost vs. Responsiveness – Business strategy What is the risk of micro-matching strategy? No direct deliveries to SEJ, what is the potential risk of this strategy if used in the USA? utdallas.edu/ metin 74

Deloitte 2008 Global Retailers Survey Excerpts from www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/dtt 2008globalpowersofretailing.pd f Downloaded on Jan 30, 2008. utdallas.edu/ metin 75