Opening Science The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is

Opening Science The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing Figures book.openingscience.org ISBN: 331900025X

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Towards Another Scientific Revolution Sönke Bartling, Sascha Friesike

Time Today‘s legacy gap Internet Cost to publish Scientific journals Printing press Papyrus Writing system First scientific revolution Second scientific revolution

Positive results Negative results Positive results Negative results Research today Research in the future Assessment phase Create phase Publication phase Abstracts, papers, . Lost ideas Lost knowledge Unpublished results Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers

Time Research in the future Research today

Open science / knowledge Publication from Latin publicatio “making public” / publicare “make public” 7 Patent from Latin patentum “open, lying open”

Open Data Wikis Altmetrics Open Access Outlets Reference Management Social Networking Dynamic Publication Formats Blogging and Microblogging Novel copyright concepts Unique Researcher ID

Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought Benedikt Fecher, Sascha Friesike

Infrastructure School Pragmatic School Assumption: Knowledge-creation could be more efficient if scientists worked together. Goal: Making the process of knowledge creation more efficient and goal oriented. Keywords: Wisdom of the crowds, network effects, Open Data, Open Code Democratic School Assumption: The access to knowledge is unequally distributed. Goal: Making knowledge freely available for everyone. Keywords: Open access, intellectual property rights, Open data, Open code Assumption: Efficient research depends on the available tools and applications. Goal: Creating openly available platforms, tools and services for scientists. Keywords: Collaboration platforms and tools Open Science Public School Assumption: Science needs to be made accessible to the public. Goal: Making science accessible for citizens. Keywords: Citizen Science, Science PR, Science Blogging Measurement School Assumption: Scientific contributions today need alternative impact measurements. Goal: Developing an alternative metric system for scientific impact. Keywords: Altmetrics, peer review, citation, impact factors

Open Access Open Data Democratic School Infrastructure School Open Science Citizen Science Scientific Communication Public School Grid Computing Data Repositories Altmetrics Measurement School Webometri cs Wisdom of the Crowds Pragmatic School Collective Intelligence

Science Caught Flat-footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication Alexander Gerber

63 % Scientists working at a university or government laboratory 52 % 32 % Scientists working at industrial laboratory 28 % 26 % Medical doctors 23 % 24 % Environmental protection associations 20 % Government representatives Politicians 32 % 11 % 16 % 25 % 6% Writers and intellectuals 10 % 6% Industry 6% 6% 6% The military 2% 2% 5% 2010 EU27 16 % Newspaper journalists 21 % Television journalists 23 % Consumer organizations 2005 EU27

Science and technology can sort out any problem Germany EU27

Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to All Domains of Knowledge Creation Michelle Sidler

Publication speed and types Breadth and depth is more important than speed Publication timeline is in months or years The primary publication is print books (fewer articles) Ownership and access Access to books is most important Most publications are proprietary and less expensive (non-profit) Access to research is usually not time-sensitive Data type and use Mostly textual or visual Derived from creative, scholarly, or historical works Re-use is critical/ analytical Sciences Mostly numerical Derived from computation or laboratories Re-use is computational Multi-authored articles Citation metrics Journal Impact Factor is paramount Authorship and attribution Single-author monographs Few citation metrics Reputation of press is paramount Humanities Speed is paramount Publication timeline is in days or weeks Most publications are digital articles Access to journal articles is most important Most publications are proprietary and expensive (profit-bearing) Access is necessary for rapid discovery

Reference Management Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga, Sönke Bartling

CiteULike Jabref EndNote RefWorks Papers X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Read Extract metadata Full-text search PDF viewer File organizer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Write Microsoft Word Open Office LaTex Edit styles X X X X X Search Store Share X Zotero X X X X Mendeley X X X X X PubMed Scopus Web of Science Bookmarklet X X X X X Windows Mac Linux Mobile X X X X WWW PDF files Public folders API X X X X X X X X

Open Access: A State of the Art Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann

No quality assurance Prior to Preprint Serverreview, Open Access default in some fields (e.g. arXiv) only Submitting Author Decides based on scientific criteria, after checking patent issues Subscription based Journal Peer review All rights transferred to the publisher Article processing charges Primary publication Peer review Accessible to everyone, Golden Road CC-license, Open Access reuse possible A lot of publishers allow self archiving Postprint Secondary publication Open Access Journal All rights stay with the author Mostly not final version, Green Road after peerOpen Access review, restrictions Any reuse rights Primary publication Preprint Read only with paid Toll Access subscription, Closed Access any reuse rights

Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring Lambert Heller, Ronald The, Sönke Bartling

Scholarly publications today On topic XYZ On topic XYZ On topic XYZ On topic XYZ . Time Dynamic scholarly publications On topic XYZ . .

On topic ABC On topic XYZ . . . . On topic UVW

Abstract / Talk Timeliness / Promptness Letter Paper Review Book Completeness / Audience / Maturity

Microblog Status update Comment/blog Timeliness / Promptness Wiki update Abstract / talk Letter Paper Review Book Completeness / Audience / Maturity

Author Author Author Author Author Author Working versions Author Review Review Gate Peer Published versions Peer Publication Publication

Transclusio n Forking “Pull” request Time

Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences Thomas Schildhauer, Hilger Voss

Complexity Creativity/ design Solving specific problems Finding experts Idea challenges Brainstorming sessions Question & answers Human tasks/ cloud labor Wisdom of the crowd Customer suggestions Specification

Frequency (X) / Number of attachments per node (Y)