Military social work developments in South Africa: Practice theory,

Military social work developments in South Africa: Practice theory, resilience and research Prof Rev’d Adrian D. van Breda Department of Social Work University of Johannesburg International Military Social Work Roundtable Conference West Point, USA 25 April 2019

Introduction to Adrian SA Military: 1991-2007 Detention barracks, as military social worker SA Navy, as military social worker Military Psychological Institute Social Work Research & Development, Founder and Head Military Health Research Centre, Founder and Head Resigned with military rank Lt Col (Deputy Director) University of Johannesburg: 2007 Resilience Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 2

South Africa Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 3

SA National Defence Force Pre-1994 SADF, TBVC militaries, MK, APLA Since 1994 SANDF: Army, Air Force, Navy & SA Military Health Service Under civilian control 73 844 members, about 85% uniformed, including 170 1-star generals, including Brig Gen (ret.) Moremi 40 2-star generals, including Maj Gen MemelaMotumi Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 4

Conceptualisation of MSW in South Africa Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 5

MSW rooted in OSW MSW as clinical social work (Applewhite et al., 1995) MSW as occupational social work (OSW) (Harris, 1993) Employee as person (Du Plessis, 2001) Person as employee Organisation as client (Googins & Davidson, 1993) Employee as citizen (Caraphina, 2009) OSW allows system-wide interventions (Bouwer, 2009) Occupational social work is ”a specialised field of social work practice which addresses the human and social needs of the work community through a variety of interventions which aim to foster optimal adaptation between individuals and their environments” (Straussner, 1990, p. 2) Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa (Van Breda, 2012; Van Breda & Du Plessis, 6 2009)

MSW practice model Binocular vision Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa (Van Breda, 2012; Van Breda & Du Plessis, 7 2009)

MSW practice model Practice positions (Van Breda, 2012; Van Breda & Du Plessis, 2009) Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 8

MSW resilience lens Positions 3 and 4 interventions Deployment resilience Van Breda, A. D. (1998, February). Developing resilience to deployments. Paper presented at the national conference on Police as Victims of Trauma and Crisis, Technikon South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa. Van Breda, A. D. (2001). Resilience theory: A literature review. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Military Health Service. Deployment Resilience Seminar Van Breda, A. D. (1999). Developing resilience to routine separations: An occupational social work intervention. Families in Society, 80(6), 597-605. Military Social Health Index (Concurrent Health Assessments) Van Breda, A. D. (2008). The Military Social Health Index: A partial multicultural validation. Military Medicine, 173(5), 480-487. SA DOD resilience model assessment protocol Van Breda, A. D. (2011). Resilience assessments in social work: The case of the SA Department of Defence. Social Work / Maatskaplike Werk, 47(1), 1-14. Resilient workplaces Van Breda, A. D. (2011). Resilient workplaces: An initial conceptualization. Families in Society, 92(1), 33-40. (Van Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa Breda, 2001, 2018) 9

SA DOD Resilience Model of Social Health Foundation of the Current Health Assessment for deployment readiness (Van Breda, 2011) Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 10

MSW research History These innovations enabled (in part) by the MSW R&D Department: 1996 – establishment of SW Research Dept at MPI 1997 – appointed as SW researcher 1997-2002 – expanded to 5 SW R&D posts 2002-2007 – Military Health Research Institute Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 11

MSW research Other projects Designed the SANDF’s HIV prevention programme (Masibambisane) Designed and implemented the M&E of the SANDF’s HIV programme, including annual HIV KAP studies Design M&E systems for social work, a military hospital, CD Transformation Management National study on violence against women and children Studies on gender mainstreaming and on the role of women in combat Participated in an NIH-funded ART clinical trial (Phidisa) 12 Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa

MSW research Critical success factors 1. 2. 3. 4. Strategic focus and energy Talent management Entrepreneurial spirit (no status quo) Assignment of human and financial resources 5. SWOT analysis Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 13

References Applewhite, L. W., Hamlin, E. R., BrintzenhofeSzoc, K., & Timberlake, E. M. (1995). Clinical social work practice in the U.S. Army: An update. Military Medicine, 160(6), 283-288. Bouwer, A. (2009). Occupational social workers as organisational change agents. Social Work PractitionerResearcher, 21(3), 386-402. Caraphina, R. (2009). Aligning occupational social work and corporate citizenship. Social Work PractitionerResearcher, 21(3), 334-352. Du Plessis, A. W. (2001). Occupational social work in South Africa. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 17(1/2), 97-118. Googins, B., & Davidson, B. N. (1993). The organization as client: Broadening the concept of employee assistance programs. Social Work, 38(4), 477-484. Kruger, A., & Van Breda, A. D. (2001). Military social work in the South African National Defence Force. Military Medicine, 166(11), 947-951. Straussner, S. L. A. (1990). Occupational social work today: An overview. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 5(1), 1-17. Van Breda, A. D. (1998, February). Developing resilience to deployments. Paper presented at the national conference on Police as Victims of Trauma and Crisis, Technikon South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa. Van Breda, A. D. (1999). Developing resilience to routine separations: An occupational social work intervention. Families in Society, 80(6), 597-605. Van Breda, A. D. (2001). Resilience theory: A literature review. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Military Health Service. Van Breda, A. D. (2008). The Military Social Health Index: A partial multicultural validation. Military Medicine, 173(5), 480-487. Van Breda, A. D. (2011). Resilience assessments in social work: The case of the SA Department of Defence. Social Work / Maatskaplike Werk, 47(1), 1-14. Van Breda, A. D. (2011). Resilient workplaces: An initial conceptualization. Families in Society, 92(1), 33-40. Van Breda, A. D. (2012). Military social work thinking in South Africa. Advances in Social Work, 13(1), 17-33. Van Breda, A. D. (2018). A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work. Social Work / Maatskaplike Werk, 54(1), 1-18. doi:10.15270/54-1-611 Van Breda, A. D., & Du Plessis, A. W. (2009). A model of occupational social work practice: A developmental social welfare critique. Social Work Practitioner-Researcher, 21(3), 316-333. [email protected] / https://johannesburg.academia.edu/AdrianVanBreda 14 Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa

Buzz groups How appropriate would OSW be as a foundation for MSW in your country? How could the MSW practice model be adopted or adapted into your country context? Consider the use of resilience in your context for both personal/family practice and organisational/operational/deployment practice. Imagine what you could accomplish if you Van Breda. 2019. Military social work developments in South Africa 15