Introduction to Christian Ethics Jim Sutherland, PhD

Introduction to Christian Ethics Jim Sutherland, PhD

Study Goals: 1. To better distinguish among what is right and good and virtuous 2. To discern the ethical bases of moral decisions, both our own and those of others 3. To show the superiority of biblical ethics to other ethical systems – To bring every thought captive to the obedience of Christ (2 Co 10:5) by exposing fallacies in non-Christian ethical systems 4. To discern a biblical position on some current moral and ethical issues 2

Why study ethics? Peter exhorts Christians that, “applying all diligence,” add to faith “moral excellence,” then knowledge in that moral excellence. 2 Pet. 1:5 (All Scriptures NIV—unless otherwise noted). – What is moral excellence? – Knowledge can help refine our morality. – Mature Christians “have trained themselves to distinguish good and evil.” Heb. 5:1. The more mature, the more moral and good the Christian. – Christians must “turn from evil and do good” 1 Pet. 3:11. We should know the difference. 3

New Testament assumptions: Good and evil do in fact exist. It does not teach moral relativism—that nothing moral is absolute. – Rom.2:2,8 2Now we know that God's judgment against those who do such things is based on truth. 8But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger. – In the West, absolutes are disparaged in favor of relativism and tolerance, which has been elevated into an absolute. In the USA in 2009 only 34% of Americans believe in absolute moral truth “Consequently, more and more people are engaged in hybrid faiths, mixing elements from different historical eras and divergent theological perspectives .” www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/325-barna-studies-theresearch-offers-a-year-in-review-perspective accessed 2/3/10 4

New Testament assumptions: Good and evil do in fact exist. – Barna stated. “In some ways, we are creating the ultimate ecumenical movement, where nothing is deemed right or wrong, and all ideas, beliefs and practices are assigned equal validity. Everyone is invited to join the dialogue, enjoy the ride, and feel connected to a far-reaching community of believers. Screening or critiquing what that community believes is deemed rude and inappropriate. Pragmatism and relativism, rather than any sort of absolutism, has gained momentum.” www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/325-barna-studies-theresearch-offers-a-year-in-review-perspective accessed 2/3/10 5

New Testament assumptions: Christians should not only understand what is good, but do what is good (mind to hand). – God, being good (Mark 10:18), defines the good. It flows from His being. It’s possible to learn what pleases God. – NAS Ephesians 5:10 “trying to learn what is pleasing to the Lord.” Some Christians can discern good and evil better than others—they are wiser. – Christians are to advance in that knowledge. – The more immoral, the less mature is a believer. 6

New Testament assumptions: Our moral/ethical behavior indicates whether or not we in fact have a relationship to God. – 3 John 1:11b “Anyone who does what is good is from God. Anyone who does what is evil has not seen God.” – Rejection of the truth likely leads to evil—not to moral neutrality (Rom. 2:8). Our morality exposes our theology. – Does God see, or care, or reward or chasten? – Do idols usurp the place of God? 7

New Testament assumptions: Christians aren’t determined by the world’s patterns, but can have renewed minds—leading to understanding God’s will. – Romans 12:2 Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is-- his good, pleasing and perfect will. – “Ethos” in the NT is usually translated “custom”, but in 1 Cor. 15:33 is translated “character” or “morals”. We can follow local custom, unless it contradicts biblical principle. 8

New Testament assumptions: What God wills is good and perfect, because He is good (Mk. 10:18) and perfect (Matt. 5:48). He defines goodness and perfection (saving unending speculation). – From His character , He does good. Gen. 1:31 God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. “Good is the most comprehensive term for what human beings ought to be and do. The biblical ethic is distinctive in that it identifies the good with the revealed will of God. In the great summary declaration of the prophet Micah: “He has showed you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD Require of you? To act justly and /to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” (Micah 6:8). David Clyde Jones, Biblical Christian Ethics,, ISBN: 0801052289, pp. 13-14 9

What does it matter to know good from evil, if God is gracious? Why would we want to sin that grace might abound (Rom. 6:14)? – Sin can enslave us if practiced, leading to death (Rom. 6:16). – Why would we want to put a gracious God to the test (Matt. 4:7)? Behavior is the best indicator of our actual or operative belief system. – God rewards both good and evil behavior (John 5:29; Rom. 2:9-10; 2 Cor. 5:10). 10

Why is it so hard to be and do good? Humans are radically sinful, not simply ignorant. In fact, people are born evil. – Matthew 7:11 If you, then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good gifts to those who ask him! We are basically evil, but by common grace (government, etc.), we are generally not as evil as we can be. We still know how to give good gifts. Romans 7:18-19 I know that nothing good lives in me, that is, in my sinful nature. For I have the desire to do what is good, but I cannot carry it out. For what I do is not the good I want to do; no, the evil I do not want to do-- this I keep on doing. 11

Why is it so hard to be and do good? Each inherits Adam and Eve’s sin (Rom. 5:12), and each of us sins personally (Rom. 3:23). There is a perversity in our behavior that indicates other forces at work within us and upon us. – Those forces include innate corruption of humans (the fall), and spiritual forces arrayed against us (devil and demons—Eph. 6:12). We must have power beyond our own to do good consistently—to persevere in doing good. 12

The structure of this study As Arthur Holmes has noted, the Bible does not specifically answer all moral questions. – Should illegal aliens be granted citizenship, and if so, under what circumstances? – When should contraception be used in marriage? We’ll look for the priorities among biblical principles by which to decide what is good and right. – We won’t state all that is right and all that is wrong, according to the Bible, but look at the superstructure—general moral principles. 13

General Revelation

General Revelation The kind of the world around us gives insight into its creator. – Creation is incredibly complex from the lowest to the highest orders of size. Randomness or chaos sometimes have large and even beautiful patterns that can be plotted. Evolution is defied by “irreducible complexity,” that whole systems must be in place and working at one time, rather than organisms growing one stage at a time – Blood clotting and single cell systems are an example (see Darwin’s Black Box). 15

General Revelation Romans 1:18-20 The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness, 19 since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. 20 For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities-- his eternal power and divine nature-- have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. God holds all responsible (without excuse) for what He has revealed in nature—even non-Christians (source?), His power and perfection are that plain. 16

Eternal Power & Divine Nature God’s power is revealed in the construction of the universe. If the Big Bang theory is correct, the expansion of the universe can be plotted by mathematical equations. – This includes moving from a cloudy to a clear universe, change in density, changing from a smooth to a “lumpy” universe and the present increasing speed of expansion. The bang occurred in a very precise way. – The power of our sun is almost incomprehensible, as is the mind of God who created such a perfection of order and scale. 17

Revealed in Nature (natural theology) Nature reveals that God: – – – – – – Loves beauty—and instills that sense into us Loves variety—new varieties of flora and fauna are still being discovered Is gracious to all—sending rain on the just and unjust (Mt. 5:45) Has all power Is a God of excellence and precision Has a sense of humor Meer cats, proboscis monkeys, dodo birds, ostriches – Defines creativity 18

Revealed in Nature (natural theology) Nature reveals that God: – Is an orderly God, creating regular seasons, day and night. – Is a provider, sustaining creation with food, oxygen and means of defense. He has built into organisms the ability to survive and multiply, under normal conditions (Carl FH Henry, p. 55). Romans 11:33-34 Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable his judgments, and his paths beyond tracing out! 34 "Who has known the mind of the Lord? 19

Revealed in Nature (natural theology) Natural theology contains moral implications. – God holds us accountable to understand His eternal power and divine nature. – It’s appropriate to worship God, not an idol (Rom 1:23, 25). God has put up with idolatry long enough—it’s time to repent (Acts 17:29-30). Those who have not heard the Gospel are still without excuse (Rom. 1:20). 20

Physiology Our physiology shows that appropriate sexual expression is between a male and a female (“natural relations”), not between males or between females (Rom. 1:26-27), which are “degrading,” ”shameful,” and “unnatural.” 21

Sodom and Gomorrah An “outcry” to God against people of these cities indicates that people generally knew, understood and agreed with what was sexually natural and right (Gen. 18:20-21). – They asked God to intervene against pervasive sexual perversion, which He did by sending a cataclysmic inferno, killing all but Lot and his two daughters (Gen. 19:24-25). – This is how seriously God holds us accountable to natural revelation. 22

Revealed in Nature We would be expected to seek to know and have a relationship to such an incredibly superior creator. – Instead we tend to suppress the truth about God found in nature (Rom. 1:18), or to draw incomplete conclusions. Naturalistic theology illustrates how intelligent people can miss finding God in creation.

Naturalistic ethics Carl Henry provides three characteristics of this system: “(1) that nature is the ultimate reality; (2) that man is essentially an animal; (3) that truth and right are intrinsically time-bound and changing.“ (Henry, p. 23) – Nature is all there is and becomes supreme. – People are simply higher animals, with no more intrinsic value than other animals.

Early Greek Naturalism Physical pleasure--the more intense the better--is the only reliable "good," so the good life is hedonistic—pleasure seeking. – This was the philosophy of Aristippus (b. 435 BC)-- of Cyrenaicism—eat, drink and be merry (Henry, p. 26). Epicurus (341-270 BC), modified hedonism by aiming at longer-term mental pleasures and moderation. – The ideal state became ataraxia, or being undisturbed. The best pleasure is having no desire for pleasure at all, which could disturb us (Henry, pp. 31-36). This has become the earthly goal of Buddhism.

Power ethics A competing application from nature was that power rules. Stronger animals dominate weaker ones. – The corollary drawn is that might is right. – Thrasymachus (ca 459-400 BC) came to that conclusion, as did Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), in his book, The Prince. Since power is located in the state, good is what strengthens the state. The Prince, as the exerciser of power, decides what is right and wrong (Henry pp. 52-3). Such thinking justifies a “super race” dominating others, so Nazis dominated Jews and weaker states.

Special Revelation

Old Testament Ethics Ethics was simple before the Fall: don’t eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen. 2:17). God preferred no need for ethics. Perhaps the most important concept for ethics is found in Genesis 1-3, that male and female are made in God’s image (Gen. 1:27). – They are of one substance and equal in value before God (Joe Huebscher). – Two become one flesh (Gen. 2:24)—the natural pattern of one man and one woman joining. Polygamy, androgyny, and sex outside of marriage are illicit. 28

Ethics from Genesis Gen. 2:15 teaches that work is God’s will, that man was designed for it in a perfect world. Adam tilled, providing food for Eve. Nature is “very good,” but not ultimate. Nature was created to serve humans, who have dominion over it (Gen. 1:28). The earth remains the Lord’s (Ps. 24:1) and separate from its creator. Murder is an offense before God, due to the high value God places upon human life (Gen. 4:10-12). 29

Old Covenant: Mosaic Law Through Abraham and Moses, God called out the Israelites. He provided the opportunity to first hear His laws (which by definition were right and good), before entering into covenant. Israel heard the 612 (613) laws and vowed “Everything the Lord has said we will do.” (Ex. 19:8; 24:3). – God responded: Exodus 19:5 “Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession.” – Israel became a theocracy, with God ruling through Moses and 70 elders. 30

Superior laws Deuteronomy 4:8 And what other nation is so great as to have such righteous decrees and laws as this body of laws I [Moses] am setting before you today? Read Exodus 20:1-17 31

India without the 10 Commands Vishal Mangalwadi told of Indian village life: – “ we were living on a farm outside a village. No one did that. It was an invitation to robbers called dacoits. It took us no time to learn that one factor behind our people’s poverty was that they were not able to make use of the land they had. If you don’t live on your land, you can’t protect vegetables, fruit, or livestock. You don’t grow fruits or vegetables, or keep chickens or rabbits, because they will be stolen. A mango from India sells for as much as three dollars in America. Growing mangoes or guavas alone could lift whole families out of poverty. But if hardworking peasants grew good mangoes and guavas, the higher castes would come and take them. If the peasants tried to protect their fruit, they would be beaten and their wives raped.” Truth and Transformation: A manifesto for ailing nations, 2009, ISBN: 978-1576585122, 36, p. 32

Prophetic Ethics Faithful prophets attempted to hold the people, leaders, priests and other prophets to the Mosaic covenant, the divine definition of good. – Jeremiah 2:26 "As a thief is disgraced when he is caught, so the house of Israel is disgraced-- they, their kings and their officials, their priests and their prophets. – Prophets were almost entirely ignored (Amos 2:11-12). Jonah was an exception but hated his success. 33

OT Ethical Summary – Micah 6:8 He has showed you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God. – Ravi Zacarias noted that this verse summarizes God’s requirements up to Micah’s day. – Considering the rapacious behavior of Israel in Micah’s time, mercy is explicitly added to the 10 Commandments, although mercy includes not taking advantage of others in ways found in Ex. 20. Micah 2:2 They covet fields and seize them, and houses, and take them. They defraud a man of his home, a fellowman of his inheritance. – These behaviors do not save anyone today. 34

New Testament special revelation: Ethics

The New Covenant Jeremiah predicted a New Covenant (Jer. 31:31-34). While it isn’t completely fulfilled, it is identified as that made by the shedding of the blood of Christ (Luke 22:20). Jesus is the High Priest of that New Covenant, which is superior to the Old (Hebrews 8:6-7). That Jesus’ is the New Covenant predicted in Jer. 31 is clear by the writer of Hebrews quoting Jer. 31 in Heb. 8:8-12. Furthermore, “By calling this covenant ‘new,’ he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and aging will soon disappear” (Heb. 8:13). 36

The Need for a New Ethic The Mosaic Law was good (Rom. 7:12), but none could keep it (Acts 15:10). Christ came to redeem those under the Law (Gal. 4:5). One purpose of the Law was to lead us to Christ (Gal. 3:24), showing our need for a savior and our inability to save ourselves, except through faith in Christ. – We are no longer under the OT Law (Gal. 3:24). – We are to stand firm in the new freedom in the New Covenant (Gal. 5:1-4), not going back under the OT (Gal. 3:10; James 2:10). The NT is the inspired, infallible and authoritative word of God (2 Tim. 3:16-17). The only command of the 10 Commandments not repeated concerns the Sabbath. 37

The Law of Love: The New Command (John 13:34) Matthew 22:36-40 "Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?" 37Jesus replied: "'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' 38This is the first and greatest commandment. 39And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' 40All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." – Romans 13:9-10 The commandments, "Do not commit adultery," "Do not murder," "Do not steal," "Do not covet," and whatever other commandment there may be, are summed up in this one rule: "Love your neighbor as yourself." 10 Love does no harm to its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law. 38

The Golden Rule Jesus had earlier restated the second great commandment as the “Golden Rule.” – Matthew 7:12 So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets. This summarizes person-to-person obligations, while making the concept easily understood. This teaching is also found at Lev. 19:18,34, and is restated at Rom. 13:9; Gal. 5:14 and James 2:8. The command is stated positively, rather than negatively, as Greek philosophers and other religions generally put it (the “Silver Rule”) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Golden Rule accessed 4/5/10 39

A Fuller Definition of Love – 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6 Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7 It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. – The work of the Holy Spirit in a Christian produces love (Gal. 5:22). – Love to God also means obedience. John 14:23 Jesus replied, "If anyone loves me, he will obey my teaching. 40

An Understandable Ethic Perhaps the majority of ethical issues can be resolved by determining the form that love takes in a situation. Here are some forms: – Romans 12:10 Be devoted to one another in brotherly love. Honor one another above yourselves. – Galatians 5:13 serve one another in love. – Ephesians 4:2 bearing with one another in love. – 1 Peter 3:8 love as brothers 41

Moral Maturity Christ gave us not only the most important virtue, but gave us the model of moral maturity—Himself. – Christian maturity is defined by Christ (Eph. 4:11). He admonished us not to make superficial judgments, based upon appearances (John 7:24). – So asking what Christ might do is not a bad idea. I recently asked a professing Christian man to ask the Lord what seat Jesus would take in a van traveling on very bad roads. The next day he still didn’t know. Which seat would He take, assuming that He did not need to talk with a particular person? 42

A Minimal Morality Arthur Holmes notes that the NT offers us a minimal morality for harmony in a pluralistic society. God enters into covenant with those who become Christians, but not with a whole society, who covenant to obey His laws. – Is everyone held to NT standards? It appears so, and they will be judged by them. Revelation 21:8 “But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liars-- their place will be in the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the second death.” – Failing to believe in Christ is a sin (John 16:8-9). 43

Assistance in Moral Discernment The Spirit helps Christians to make judgments. This teacher lives within us (1 Jn. 2:27)! – 1 Corinthians 2:14-15 The man without the Spirit does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually discerned. 15The spiritual man makes judgments about all things, but he himself is not subject to any man's judgment: As we surrender our body for God’s will (Rom. 12:1), and renew our minds [through the Word]: Romans 12:2 Then [we] will be able to test and approve what God's will is-- his good, pleasing and perfect will. Lacking wisdom, we can ask God directly (James 1:5).

Making Right Judgments

Judgments are Required We must judge. Otherwise, how could we tell whether a person is bearing good or bad fruit (Matt. 7:17-20)? How would we discern a false prophet--why would Jude and Peter list their characteristics if we weren't to take note of them (2 Pet. 2, Jude)? 46

Judging by Appearances Instead of judging from appearances (prima facie evidence), we are to judge rightly. – John 7:23-24 Now if a child can be circumcised on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses may not be broken, why are you angry with me for healing the whole man on the Sabbath? 24Stop judging by mere appearances, and make a right judgment. Jesus was judged wrongly for eating with sinners (Luke 15:2), and for allowing a woman (a “sinner”) to anoint His feet with perfume (Luke 7:39). 47

Judging in our Areas of Sin Instead, remember that the standard of ethical judgment we use will be used upon us: – Matthew 7:1-5 "Do not judge, or you too will be judged. 2For in the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you. 3"Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? 4How can you say to your brother, 'Let me take the speck out of your eye,' when all the time there is a plank in your own eye? 5You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye. We must not practice the sins we condemn, or we condemn ourselves as we correct another. 48

Restoring a Christian Galatians 6:1-2 1Brothers, if someone is caught in a sin, you who are spiritual should restore him gently. But watch yourself, or you also may be tempted. 2Carry each other's burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ. We judge that sin is present. We determine if we practice this sin, and if not, humbly attempt to bring correction. 49

Empathetic Repentence – I frequently find that I commit the same fault or sin that I’ve corrected shortly afterward. – Someone has termed “empathetic repentance” personally confessing the sin that we notice in another. Romans 2:1 You, therefore, have no excuse, you who pass judgment on someone else, for at whatever point you judge the other, you are condemning yourself, because you who pass judgment do the same things. 50

Majoring on the Minors Matthew 23:23-24 "Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices-mint, dill and cumin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law-- justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have practiced the latter, without neglecting the former. 24 You blind guides! You strain out a gnat but swallow a camel.” 51

A Clouded Conscience “Conscience” literally means “joint-knowledge” (Thayer’s Greek Lexicon). Conscience judges our actions, thoughts and motives. – Romans 2:14-15 (Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law, 15since they show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts now accusing, now even defending them.) 52

Necessity of an Accurate Conscience Our conscience approves or disapproves of what we do. It should be calibrated by the distinctions of the word of God. However, it's possible for the conscience of a Christian to be wrong. – Matthew 6:22-23 "The eye is the lamp of the body. If your eyes are good, your whole body will be full of light. 23But if your eyes are bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If then the light within you is darkness, how great is that darkness!” 53

Serving Idols Clouds the Conscience The context of Matt. 6:22-23 is trying to serve both God and money. – Whenever we serve the creation instead of the Creator, our conscience is darkened. If our conscience is deficient, all our moral judgments are off. We can possibly begin to approve homosexuality, for example, as many professing Christians have done. Love of money can lead to abandonment of the faith (1 Tim. 6:10). 54

Recalibrating Our Conscience The Word of God can supernaturally penetrate and show us the truth. – Hebrews 4:12 For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart. We can repent of known sin, regardless of cost, and ask God to search our heart to reveal our sin (Ps. 51:1-7; 139:23-24). We can allow others to come close enough to know us. We can take down the “No Hunting” signs surrounding our life (Joe Novenson). We can love those who rebuke us (Prov. 9:8). END 55