Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000) and associated topics

Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000) and associated topics MATS345 (formerly MST326 lecture 5) 16 November 2015 MATS326-5 environment

Outline of lecture Sustainability Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000) Environmental Protection Act (EPA) Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) Precautionary Principle Life Cycle Assessment 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Sustainability "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission Report 1987) 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Sustainability A balance of: o Economic o Environmental o Equity (social factors) o Governance the latter factor rarely features in analyses thus often referred to as “triple E” 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Equity Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Motivation and Personality (1954) o physiological needs o safety or security needs o belongingness and love needs o esteem needs o self-actualisation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Twelve Guiding Principles of Engineering for Sustainable Development Look beyond your own locality and immediate future Innovate and be creative Seek a balanced solution Seek engagement from all stakeholders Make sure you know the needs and wants Plan and manage effectively Give sustainability the benefit of the doubt If polluters must pollute . then they must pay as well Adopt an holistic 'cradle-to-grave' approach Do things right, having decided on the right things to do Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value engineering Practice what you preach Sustainable Development Education Working Group of the Royal Academy of Engineering 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Cradle-to-grave ? William McDonough Cradle to cradle: remaking the way we make things North Point Press, 2002 reconsider design such that end-of-life waste is effective raw materials for the next generation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Management Systems BS5750/ISO9000 quality BS7750/ISO14000 environment BS8800/ OHSAS18000 occupational health and safety BS8888 technical product documentation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 series BS 7750 Environmental Management Systems (1992, updated in 1994). ISO 14000 series is modelled on BS7750 and influenced by the Uruguay GATT negotiations and Rio Environment Summit in 1992. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 series The standard is a model for an environmental management system consisting of several guideline standards one compliance standard: ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO14000 series An organization may elect to comply with ISO 14001 as a: o o o o o model for an Environmental Management System format against which to audit the EMS method of demonstrating the EMS compliance process for third party and/or customer recognition public declaration of their EMS 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 series Registration to ISO 14001 should be considered when it: o is a customer or industry requirement o complements market strategy o is perceived as a valuable motivational factor. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 series benefits of implementation may include: o enhanced compliance to legislation o facilitated financial and real estate transactions, where environmental performance is a factor o reduced costs associated with consumer audits o ability to bid for contracts (protection or increase of market share) o market forces (a real or perceived 'greening' of the marketplace) o economic return from better efficiency of resource use o increased ability to adapt to changing circumstances. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14001: the compliance standard Five elements: o Environmental policy o Planning o Implementation and operation o Checking and corrective action o Management review 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14001: the compliance standard Environmental policy Planning o Environmental aspects o Legal and other requirements o Objectives and targets o Environmental management program(s) 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14001: the compliance standard Implementation and operation o Structure and responsibility o Training, awareness and competence o Communication o Environmental management system documentation o Document control o Operational control o Emergency preparedness and response 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14001: the compliance standard Checking and corrective action o Monitoring and measurement o Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action o Records o Environmental management system audit Management review 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 - summary ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Elements: 1 Environmental policy 2 Planning 2.1 Environmental aspects 2.2 Legal and other requirements 2.3 Objectives and targets 2.4 Environmental management program(s) 3 Implementation and operation 3.1 Structure and responsibility 3.2 Training, awareness and competence 3.3 Communication 3.4 Environmental management system documentation 3.5 Document control 3.6 Operational control 3.7 Emergency preparedness and response 4 Checking and corrective action 4.1 Monitoring and measurement 4.2 Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action 4.3 Records 4.4 Environmental management system audit 5 Management review 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 guidelines Standard Title / Description 14000 14001 14004 14006 Guide to Environmental Management Principles, - systems and Supporting Techniques Environmental Management Systems - specification with Guidance for Use Environmental Management Systems - general guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniques Environmental Management Systems – guidelines for incorporating ecodesign 14010 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - General Principles of Environmental Auditing 14011 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Procedures 1: Environmental Management Systems 14012 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Qualification Criteria for Environmental Auditors 14013 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Programmes, Reviews & Assessments 1 April 2003 Marine Sports /ISO14000.ppt

ISO 14000 implementation Standard Title / Description 14015 Environmental Management - environmental assessment of sites and organisations 14020/23 Environmental Labeling 14024 Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs Guiding Principles, Practices and Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria Programs 14031/32 Guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation 14040/43 Life Cycle Assessment General Principles and Practices 14050 14060 1 April 2003 Glossary Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards Marine Sports /ISO14000.ppt

ISO 14000 set of standards Standard Title / Description 14000 Guide to Environmental Management Principles, Systems and Supporting Techniques 14001 Environmental Management Systems - Specification with Guidance for Use 14010 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - General Principles of Environmental Auditing 14011 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Procedures 1: Environmental Management Systems 14012 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Qualification Criteria for Environmental Auditors 14013/15 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Programmes, Reviews & Assessments 14020/23 Environmental Labeling 14024 Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs Guiding Principles, Practices and Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria Programs 14031/32 1404x 14050 14060 Guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation Life Cycle Assessment (see later) Glossary Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14000 Registration generally requires twelve to eighteen months of effort depending on the complexity of the organization and the existing systems. It will take at least the same time to develop and implement an Environmental Management System which compiles with ISO 14001 requirements. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

PD ISO/TR 14062:2002 for use by all involved in the design and development of products. suggests the potential benefits of this methodology . 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

PD ISO/TR 14062:2002 benefits o lower costs by optimising the use of materials and energy, more efficient processes, and reduced waste disposal o stimulation of innovation and creativity o identification of new products, e.g. from discarded materials o meeting or surpassing customer expectations o enhancement of organisation image and/or brand o improved customer loyalty o attraction of financing and investment, particularly from environmentally conscious investors o enhancement of employee motivation o increased knowledge about the product o reduction in liability through reduced environmental impacts o reduction of risks o improved relations with regulators o improved internal and external communications 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

EMS / Sheldon and Yoxon a score should be calculated for each different area of business: Score Environmental hazard x Likelihood of the problem arising x Size of the Problem Each parameter rated 1 (low) - 3 (high) o minimum score is one o maximum score is 27. Pareto chart can then indicate which issues should be given highest priority. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

The Green Blue new environmental awareness initiative o British Marine Federation o Royal Yachting Association aims to promote the sustainable use of coastal and inland waters by boating and watersports participants, and the sustainable operation and development of the recreational boating industry 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Green Blue case studies good practice identified at o SP Systems: achievement of ISO 14001 compliance o Hamble Marine: boat wash-down trials to reduce the impact of anti-fouling biocides o Norfolk Broads: green fuel (electric and biodiesel boats) o UKSA Isle of Wight: waste and resource minimisation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Environmental Protection Act 1990 I. Integrated Pollution Control and Air Pollution Control by Local Authorities II. Waste on Land III. Statutory Nuisances and Clean Air IV. Litter, etc. V. Radioactive Substances VI. Genetically Modified Organisms VII. Nature Conservation and Countryside Matters VIII. Miscellaneous IX. General 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

DPSIR: general framework o Drivers anthropogenic forces imposing pressures o Pressures physical expressions of the drivers o State the condition of the ecosystem o Impact effects due to changes in state o Response preventative or adaptive actions EEA Report No 9/2005 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Polluter-Pays Principle (PPP) "the principle that a company that causes pollution should pay for the cost of removing it, or provide compensation to those who have been affected by it" 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Polluter-Pays principle (PPP) core of the principle is that: o the polluter should pay for any environmental damage created o the burden of proof in demonstrating that a particular technology, practice or product is safe should lie with the developer, not the general public. o when and how much the polluter should pay is often unclear 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

PPP assurance bonds I o money is put up by the "polluter“ to insure against a worst case impact o the bond is recovered only if, after sufficient time, it is demonstrated that the technology, process or product in question had been deemed to be as safe as was reasonably acceptable. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

PPP assurance bonds II o alternatively, if damage occurred, the bond is used for environmental restoration, and to pay damages to those harmed. o the bond accrues interest: incentive to ensure that best environmental practice is followed to demonstrate that the technology, process or product is as safe as is practicably possible, without involving excessive cost. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary Principle "when there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation“ Ministerial Declaration on Sustainable Development, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Bergen - Norway, 1990. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Harremoës et al book, 2002 fisheries radiation asbestos Great Lakes chemicals PCBs halocarbons lead in petrol sulphur dioxide benzene diethylstilboestrol growth promoters 2 mad cow disease 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Harremoës et al book, 2002 and of especial relevance to the marine industry . Tri Butyl Tin (TBT) Anti Fouling Toxin (AFT) coatings 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT I C4 BC: Aristotle notes small fish (barnacles) slow down ships o 1975: New Scientist: hull drag due to fouling estimated to consume 25% of US Navy fuel 1824: Sir Humphrey Davy: anti-fouling action of copper sheathing on wooden ships related to rate of copper solution 1863: Tarr & Wonson, US patent 40 515: cuprous oxide (Cu20) as AFT 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT II 1943: Tisdale, British patent 578 312: organotin compounds as AFT. 1960s: introduction of commercial TBT AFT 1970s: rapid take-up of TBT by shipping and small boats 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT III 1970: Blaber (Plymouth Sound): appearance of penis in female dogwhelks 1971: Smith (US East Coast): "imposex" in mud-snails . development of male sexual structures in females mid 1970s to 1981: oyster production falls by 80% (from 15K to 3K tonnes) due to reproductive failure and shell deformation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT IV early 1980s: TBT responsible for imposex in oyster drill (Oceanebra erinacea) in Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic) 1982: France legislates to prohibit TBT AFT on vessels 25m 1985: UK controls on sale of TBT AFT for use on small vessels January 1987: reduction of UK TBT levels 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT V May 1987: total UK ban on retail sales of TBT AFT for vessels 25m 1988: prohibition in US 1989: prohibition in Canada - Australia New Zealand 1991: harmonisation of EU TBT controls 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT VI 1994: Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) decided "no further controls were necessary" 1995: 4th Conf Protection of the North Sea agreed concerted action for worldwide phase-out of TBT on all ships 1998: MEPC draft mandatory regulations 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Precautionary principle for AFT VII 2003: phase out of application of TBT 2008: phase-out of the presence of TBT on ALL ship hulls 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Life Cycle Assessment (Brady, 2005) Brady (2005) identifies four stages: o Goal and scope definition o Inventory analysis o Impact assessment o Interpretation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Life Cycle Assessment (Brady, 2005) Goal and scope definition: o goal and scope of the study are defined in the context of the intended application. Inventory analysis o collection of data, calculation procedures, resulting in a table that quantifies the relevant inputs and outputs of the analysed system. Impact assessment o translates the results of the inventory analysis into environmental impacts to evaluate significance Interpretation: o conclusions and recommendations for decision makers are drawn from the inventory analysis and impact assessment. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14040 series standards ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment principles and frameworks o "provides an overview of the practice, applications and limitations of Life Cycle Assessment to a broad range of potential users and stakeholders, including those with a limited knowledge of life cycle assessment" 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

ISO 14040 series standards ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment requirements and guidelines replaces 1998/2000 standards: o ISO14041 goal and scope definition and inventory analysis o ISO14042 life cycle impact assessment o ISO14043 life cycle interpretation 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

environmental impact classification factors Non-Renewable/Abiotic Resource Depletion Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Photochemical Oxidants Creation Potential Human Toxicity Potential Aquatic Toxicity Potential Azapagic et al, 2003/2004. 08 February 2007 MATS326-5 environment

Granta CES EdupackTM Design edition o deployed to SMB105, BGB106, BGB107. Standard edition o deployed to SMB100 Eco Design edition o deployed to SMB104 MATS347 MooDLE o CES Edupack software 19 December 2011 MATS326-5 environment