Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 1

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 1

Dynamic Assignment of IP addresses Dynamic assignment of IP addresses is desirable for several reasons: – IP addresses are assigned on-demand – Avoid manual IP configuration – Support mobility of laptops 2

Solutions for dynamic assignment of IP addresses Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) – Works similar to ARP – Broadcast a request for the IP address associated with a given MAC address – RARP server responds with an IP address – Only assigns IP address (not the default router and subnetmask) IP address (32 bit) ARP RARP Ethernet MAC address (48 bit) 3

BOOTP BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP) From 1985 Host can configure its IP parameters at boot time. 3 services. – IP address assignment. – Detection of the IP address for a serving machine. – The name of a file to be loaded and executed by the client machine (boot file name) – Not only assign IP address, but also default router, network mask, etc. – Sent as UDP messages (UDP Port 67 (server) and 68 (host)) – Use limited broadcast address (255.255.255.255): These addresses are never forwarded 4

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Relates to Lab 7. Module about dynamic assignment of IP addresses with DHCP. 5

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – From 1993 – An extension of BOOTP, very similar to DHCP – Same port numbers as BOOTP – Extensions: Supports temporary allocation (“leases”) of IP addresses DHCP client can acquire all IP configuration parameters needed to operate – DHCP is the preferred mechanism for dynamic assignment of IP addresses – DHCP can interoperate with BOOTP clients. 6

BOOTP Interaction (a) Argon 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 BOOTP Server BOOTP Request 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 Sent to 255.255.255.255 (c) Argon 128.143.137.144 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server TFTP “filename” 128.143.137.100 Argon 128.143.137.144 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 (b) DHCP Server BOOTP Response: IP address: 128.143.137.144 Server IP address: 128.143.137.100 Boot file name: filename BOOTP can be used for downloading memory image for diskless workstations Assignment of IP addresses to hosts is static 7

DHCP Interaction (simplified) Argon 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCP Request 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 Sent to 255.255.255.255 Argon 128.143.137.144 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCP Response: IP address: 128.143.137.144 Default gateway: 128.143.137.1 Netmask: 255.255.0.0 8

BOOTP/DHCP Message Format OpCode Hardware Type Number of Seconds Hardware Address Hop Count Length Unused (in BOOTP) Flags (in DHCP) Transaction ID Client IP address Your IP address Server IP address Gateway IP address Client hardware address (16 bytes) Server host name (64 bytes) Boot file name (128 bytes) Options (There are 100 different options) 9

BOOTP/DHCP OpCode: 1 (Request), 2(Reply) Note: DHCP message type is sent in an option Hardware Type: 1 (for Ethernet) Hardware address length: 6 (for Ethernet) Hop count: set to 0 by client Transaction ID: Integer (used to match reply to response) Seconds: number of seconds since the client started to boot Client IP address, Your IP address, server IP address, Gateway IP address, client hardware address, server host name, boot file name: client fills in the information that it has, leaves rest blank 10

DHCP Message Type Message type is sent as an option. Value Message Type 1 DHCPDISCOVER 2 DHCPOFFER 3 DHCPREQUEST 4 DHCPDECLINE 5 DHCPACK 6 DHCPNAK 7 DHCPRELEASE 8 DHCPINFORM 11

Other options (selection) Other DHCP information that is sent as an option: Subnet Mask, Name Server, Hostname, Domain Name, Forward On/Off, Default IP TTL, Broadcast Address, Static Route, Ethernet Encapsulation, X Window Manager, X Window Font, DHCP Msg Type, DHCP Renewal Time, DHCP Rebinding, Time SMTP-Server, SMTP-Server, Client FQDN, Printer Name, 12

DHCP Operation DHCP Client 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCPDISCOVER DCHP DISCOVER Sent to 255.255.255.255 DHCP Server DHCP Client 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DCHP OFFER DHCPOFFER DHCP Server DHCPOFFER DHCP Server 13

DHCP Operation DHCP Client 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCPREQUEST DCHP DISCOVER DHCPACK At this time, the DHCP client can start to use the IP address DHCP Server DHCP Client 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCPREQUEST Renewing a Lease (sent when 50% of lease has expired) If DHCP server sends DHCPNACK, then address is released. DHCPACK DHCP Server 14

DHCP Operation DHCP Client 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server DHCPRELEASE DCHP RELEASE At this time, the DHCP client has released the IP address DHCP Server 15