D N E T O I C N T N A E L A U M Y V P E O N H D P C A A MA APO : L

D N E T O I C N T N A E L A U M Y V P E O N H D P C A A MA APO : L P HU GR T W IT O E UN G Session 4

N O T I T N A L E P U EM V O P O M

VOCABULARY People move from one place to another constantly, usually within a small land space. Circulation is short-term repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis. Migration is a different type of mobility because it involves a permanent move to a new location, either within a single country or from one country to another.

VOCABULARY What interests geographers more? Geographers tend to be more interested in migration than circulation , because migration produces important changes for individuals and the regions they move to and from.

VOCABULARY Spatial interaction is a broad geographical term for the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas, whether it is circulation or migration. The demographic equation summarizes the population change over time in an area by combining natural change (death rate subtracted from birth rate) and the net migration. Net migration is the difference emigration and immigration. between

VOCABULARY Emigration: migration FROM a location Immigration: migration TO a location BOTH types of migration usually occur at once.

S W A L N ’S IO N T I A E R T S IG N E M AV OF R

ERNST RAVENSTEIN Ravenstein was a British demographer. In 1885, he wrote 11 migration laws based on his study of internal migration in England. Internal migration is permanent movement of people within a country’s borders. Many laws still hold true today!

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION The majority of migrants move only a short distance. Distance decay is the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from the point of origin. It describes the tendency of people to stay fairly close to home. The scale of migration has increased in recent years with modern transportation and communication systems. It is now possible for people to migrate to distant lands.

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION The majority of migrants move only a short distance. Step migration is long-distance migration done in stages. Example: A person or family may move from a rural area to a small town; later a move from the small town to a city may be made, resulting in long-distance migration, but only short distances at one time.

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION The majority of migrants move only a short distance. An intervening opportunity describes a favorable opportunity to settle before reaching a destination. Example: Migrants from a rural area on the way to a big city settle in a town along the way because they find employment.

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destinations. Most who move leave rural areas and move to urban locations. Currently many internal migrations within developing countries are from rural to urban areas

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION Each migration flow produces a counterflow. When one group moves into an area, another group moves out. Example: European immigrants moved into cities in the Eastern U.S. Once they prospered, they moved to better neighborhoods. Then, the newest immigrants took over the old neighborhoods. Result: Back and forth flow means that net migrations are small, disguising the large amount of movement actually taking place.

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults, and most international migrants are young males. This law has changed in recent years. Young adults now have fewer restrictions on their movements. Historically, women have had less freedom to travel by themselves. Now more women migrate.

RAVENSTEIN AND THE GRAVITY MODEL The Gravity Model IMPORTANT: Ravenstein noted the inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between the source and destination! What is it? A measure of the interaction of places Spatial interaction—excluding migration— is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.

RELATED TO THE GRAVITY MODEL Critical distance is the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel. Critical distance will eventually prevent a migration from occurring. So a large city has a greater gravitational pull than a small one.

R O F S G N N I O S AT A E R R IG M

WHY MIGRATE? Migration may be forced or voluntary. Example of forced (involuntary) migration: transport of 10 million Africans to the Western Hemisphere at beginning of 16th century Example of voluntary migration: many examples, but most are economic

WHY MIGRATE? PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Encourage Attract people people to move to new region from the region where they live Migration is usually a combination of push and pull factors.

ECONOMIC FACTORS PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS Pull of cities is Farmers may be enhanced by pushed off land industrial growth because of and jobs. drought, invasion, or landlords. Both the push factors from the farm and pull factors of the city encourage farmers to migrate. Economic factors help explain worldwide movement of people from rural to urban areas in the th th

CULTURAL PUSH FACTORS Include many involuntary migrations Example: Refugees are people forced to migrate from their homes who cannot return for fear of persecution because of religion, race, nationality, or political opinions. Current examples: Palestinians left Israel after the country was created in 1948 and areas were taken over by Israel in 1967. Afghanistan fled during the extended war with Soviet Union that began in 1979. Flag of Israel

CULTURAL PUSH FACTORS Other examples from history: Indian subcontinent in 1947—most migration based on religion Muslims migrating to the newly created Pakistan Hindus migrating out of Muslim areas Africa Many refugees because of intense ethnic conflicts (e.g. Rwanda and Darfur)

CULTURAL PULL FACTORS Germany Early 19th century— Germans fled to the U.S. to escape fear of retribution from authoritarian government (push factor). They were attracted by the democratic government in the United States (pull factor). Eastern Europeans 1990s—Countries broke free from Soviet control (push), allowing citizens to go to Western Europe in search of better jobs (pull).

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Climate: Climate: Unpleasant and uninhabitable climates Preference for humid and sub-humid tropics, sub- tropics, or midlatitudes Elevations: Middle and higher latitudes with high elevations where climate tends to be colder Elevations: higher elevations in tropics as relief from heat

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Pull Factors Seacoasts: People tend to settle on near the seacoast, especially in Eurasia, Australia, and South America (major cities clustered on rims of continents).

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Push factors Disease: Examples from history- Fall of Ancient Roman Empire—malaria epidemic Animal diseases—affect human choices for settlement since people depend on animals for sustenance Modern medicine has altered this factor considerably, causing fewer to migrate.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The environment may create intervening obstacles—physical features that halt or slow migration from one place to another Examples: Wide plains Mountains Deserts

IMPACT OF MAJOR MIGRATIONS Major migrations impact both the region that people leave and the region that is their destination. Example: During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, European migration to the Americas relieved population growth pressures in Europe. However, European contacts exposed Native Americans to disease, decimating their populations.

T A S S N E O L I T A A C R S IG NT M E R ER JO F A IF M D

MIGRATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCALES Migrations occur on all scales—local to global. Can be: Internal—within a country Interregional (between regions) Intraregional (within one region) International Forced (involuntary) Voluntary (choose to move)

GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS Net out-migration: Asia, Latin America, and Africa—means that more people emigrate from them than immigrate to them Net in-migration: North America, Europe, Oceania—means that more people immigrate to them than emigrate from them People are migrating FROM Less developed TO more developed countries.

The largest flows of people in the modern world are from Asia to North America, Asia to Europe, and South American to North America.

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER FROM THIS SESSION: Difference between circulation and migration Difference between emigration and immigration Definition of net migration Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Gravity Model Push factors and pull factors—How do they differ? What are some examples of each from history? Intervening obstacles Migration at different scales—from local to global