CHAPTER 1 An Overview of Financial Management      Career

CHAPTER 1 An Overview of Financial Management Career Opportunities Issues of the New Millennium Forms of Businesses Goals of the Corporation Agency Relationships 1-1

Career Opportunities in Finance Money and capital markets Investments Financial management 1-2

Responsibility of the Financial Staff Maximize stock value by: Forecasting and planning Investment and financing decisions Coordination and control Transactions in the financial markets Managing risk 1-3

Role of Finance in a Typical Business Organization Board of Directors President VP: Sales VP: Finance Treasurer VP: Operations Controller Credit Manager Cost Accounting Inventory Manager Financial Accounting Capital Budgeting Director Tax Department 1-4

Financial Management Issues of the New Millennium The effect of changing technology The globalization of business 1-5

Percentage of Revenue and Net Income from Overseas Operations for 10 Well-Known Corporations, 2001 Company % of Revenue from overseas % of Net Income from overseas Coca-Cola 60.8 35.9 Exxon Mobil 69.4 60.2 General Electric 32.6 25.2 General Motors 26.1 60.6 IBM 57.9 48.4 JP Morgan Chase & Co. 35.5 51.7 McDonald’s 63.1 61.7 Merck 18.3 58.1 3M 52.9 47.0 Sears, Roebuck 10.5 7.8 1-6

Alternative Forms of Business Organization Sole proprietorship Partnership Corporation 1-7

Sole proprietorships & Partnerships Advantages Ease of formation Subject to few regulations No corporate income taxes Disadvantages Difficult to raise capital Unlimited liability Limited life 1-8

Corporation Advantages Unlimited life Easy transfer of ownership Limited liability Ease of raising capital Disadvantages Double taxation Cost of set-up and report filing 1-9

Financial Goals of the Corporation The primary financial goal is shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing stock price. Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? Is stock price maximization good or bad for society? Should firms behave ethically? 1-10

Is stock price maximization the same as profit maximization? No, despite a generally high correlation amongst stock price, EPS, and cash flow. Current stock price relies upon current earnings, as well as future earnings and cash flow. Some actions may cause an increase in earnings, yet cause the stock price to decrease (and vice versa). 1-11

Agency relationships An agency relationship exists whenever a principal hires an agent to act on their behalf. Within a corporation, agency relationships exist between: Shareholders and managers Shareholders and creditors 1-12

Shareholders versus Managers Managers are naturally inclined to act in their own best interests. But the following factors affect managerial behavior: Managerial compensation plans Direct intervention by shareholders The threat of firing The threat of takeover 1-13

Shareholders versus Creditors Shareholders (through managers) could take actions to maximize stock price that are detrimental to creditors. In the long run, such actions will raise the cost of debt and ultimately lower stock price. 1-14

Factors that affect stock price Projected cash flows to shareholders Timing of the cash flow stream Riskiness of the cash flows 1-15

Basic Valuation Model CF1 CF2 CFn Value 1 2 (1 k) (1 k) (1 k)n n CFt . t t 1 (1 k) To estimate an asset’s value, one estimates the cash flow for each period t (CFt), the life of the asset (n), and the appropriate discount rate (k) Throughout the course, we discuss how to estimate the inputs and how financial management is used to improve them and thus maximize a firm’s value. 1-16

Factors that Affect the Level and Riskiness of Cash Flows Decisions made by financial managers: Investment decisions Financing decisions (the relative use of debt financing) Dividend policy decisions The external environment 1-17