AP PSYCHOLOGY Sensation & Perception, Part 2 Adapted from James A.

AP PSYCHOLOGY Sensation & Perception, Part 2 Adapted from James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Perception Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Change Blindness

Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Organization: Gestalt Visual Capture tendency for vision to dominate the other senses Gestalt--an organized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Perceptual Organization: Gestalt Grouping the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups Grouping Principles proximity--group nearby figures together similarity--group figures that are similar continuity--perceive continuous patterns closure--fill in gaps connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

Perceptual Organization Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles

Perceptual Organization: Closure Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Depth Perception ability to see objects in three dimensions allows us to judge distance Binocular cues retinal disparity images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity convergence neuromuscular cue two eyes move inward for near objects

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Visual Cliff

Perceptual Organization: Monocular Cues relative size smaller image is more distant interposition closer object blocks distant object relative clarity hazy object seen as more distant texture coarse -- close fine -- distant

Perceptual Organization: Relative Size

Perceptual Organization: Interposition

Perceptual Organization: Monocular Cues (cont.) relative height higher objects seen as more distant relative motion closer objects seem to move faster linear perspective parallel lines converge with distance relative brightness closer objects appear brighter

Perceptual Organization: Relative Height

Perceptual Organization: Perspective Techniques

Perceptual Organization: Light and Shadow

Perceptual Organization: Illusory Depth

Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change color shape size

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Organization: Illusory Depth Explanation

Perceptual Organization: Muller-Lyer Illusion

Perceptual Organization: Size-Distance Relationship

Perceptual OrganizationBrightness Contrast

Sensory Restriction: Blakemore & Cooper, 1970 Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

Perceptual Interpretation Perceptual Adaptation (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field prism glasses Perceptual Set a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Perceptual Set: Schemas What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

Perceptual Set: Schemas Flying Saucers or Clouds?

Perception and the Human Factor Human Factors Psychology explores how people and machines interact explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

Perceptual Set: Human Factors 10 Altitude (thousands of feet) Pilot’s perceived descent path 8 6 Altitude looks this much higher 4 Actual descent path 2 0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Distance from runway (miles) 2

Is There Extrasensory Perception? Extrasensory Perception controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input telepathy clairvoyance precognition Parapsychology the study of paranormal phenomena ESP psychokinesis