A New Industrial Age Chapter 6 US History – Honors

A New Industrial Age Chapter 6 US History – Honors

Section 1 Targets: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Explain how the abundance of natural resources, new recovery and refining methods, and new uses for them led to intensive industrialization. 2. Identify inventions that changed the way people lived and worked.

Section 1:The Expansion of Industry: Main Idea: At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom. Why it Matters Now: Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American Industry. Key Terms: Bessemer Process Key Names: Edwin L. Drake Thomas Alva Edison Christopher Sholes Alexander Graham Bell

How do you feel today? GREAT I’m Here ICK! History is AWESOME! E! 0% AW ES O M IC K H is t or y is I’m H T RE A 0% ! 0% er e 0% G 1. 2. 3. 4. 15

Industrial Boom 3 Main Reasons US became the leading Industrial Power by 1920: 1. Wealth of Natural Resources 2.Explosion of Inventions 3. Growing consumer population

Black Gold: In 1859, Edwin Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil This breakthrough started an oil boom in the Midwest and later Texas At first the process was limited to transforming the oil into kerosene and throwing out the gasoline -- a byproduct of the process Later, the gasoline was used for cars

Bessemer Steel Process: Oil was not the only valuable natural resource Coal and iron were plentiful within the U.S. When you removed the carbon from iron by injecting air into the molten iron, the result was a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound – Steel The Bessemer process did just that (Henry Bessemer & William Kelly) BESSEMER CONVERTOR CIRCA 1880

New Uses For Steel: Brooklyn Bridge: NYC The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest customers for steel Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment (plow), bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge1883),and the first skyscrapers

New Inventions Spur Industry: Can you imagine living in a time when the following inventions were created? 1. Electricity (how would we live without it now?) 2. Telephone (no text messaging yet) 3. Typewriter (before this everything was written by hand)

Electricity: Edison “One percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” 1876- Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey There Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb in 1880 Later he invented an entire system for producing and distributing electricity By 1890, electricity powered numerous machines including streetcars

The Typewriter: This is the time period when secretary jobs were primarily held by women .has this changed much? Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867 His invention forever affected office work and paperwork It also opened many new jobs for women 1870: Women made up less than 5% of workforce 1910: They made up 40%

The Telephone: Another important invention of the late 19th century was the telephone Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson unveiled their invention in 1876 By 1915 coast-tocoast phone service began paving the way for world telecommunications

Which of the following devices could you live without? Cell Phone Ipod TV Computer 0% om pu te r 0% TV Ip od 0% C el lP ho ne 0% C 1. 2. 3. 4. 15

How did inventions change American society? Factory work replaced jobs that had been previously done at home (EX: sewing clothes) Demand for laborers (Usually working long hours in unsanitary conditions) Consumer power Creation of Advertising/Marketing jobs

Section 2: Targets By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Identify the role of the railroads in unifying the country. 2. List positive and negative effects of railroads on the nation’s economy. 3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes of, the demand for railroad reform.

Section 2: The Age of the Railroads: Main Idea: The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation. Why it Matters Now: Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States. Key Names: George M. Pullman Key Terms: Transcontinental Railroad Credit Mobilier Munn vs. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act

How was your weekend? hi s. . Iw ro te a hi . ac te d Te rr ifi c hi s a l Ir een oo C pe r Ir ea d at ch e d . to . 0% 0% 0% 0% Iw 4. Su 3. ce lle nt 2. Excellent I watched the History Channel! Super I read a history related book. Cool I re-enacted history battles. Terrific I wrote a history essay! Ex 1. 25

Before We Start: Story Time!!! The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the U.S. will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages

Railroads: Ideals v. Reality IDEALS: Adventure Fresh Start Land Ownership REALITY: Horrible working conditions Disease Death

A National Network: By 1869, tracks had been laid across the continent (Golden Spike- Utah) Immigrants from China and Ireland and out-of-work Civil War vets provided most of the difficult labor Thousands lost their lives and tens of thousands were injured laying track

Discussion Questions: Turn and Talk: 1. What dangers do you think the railroad workers will encounter? 2. How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad? 3. How might railroad construction affect the environment?

Phineas Gage Phineas Gage Phineas Gage Railroad blasting accident severed the frontal lobes from the limbic system

Worker Discrimination White men would earn 40- 60 and worked a ten hour day. Chinese worked from dawn until dusk and earned 35 a month. 1866 Chinese workers were carving their way through a granite mountain and became trapped by 40 feet of snow on all sides. Five months later workers were found with their tools frozen in their hands.

Which of the following is NOT true in regards to railroad work? 1. It was dangerous 2. There was rampant discrimination especially against the Chinese. 3. Disease was a problem 4. The pay was adequate for the type of work that was being done. 0% 0% 0% 0% I as w t da T s ou r e ng re he w as n pa m ra D . d t se a e is w as a o pr Th e em bl y pa w as eq ad . t. a u

Railroad and Time: Before 1883, each community still operated on its own time For example: Noon in Boston was 12 minutes later than noon in New York City Indiana had dozens of different times No standard time reference WHAT PROBLEM(S) WOULD THIS CREATE?

Professor Dowd Creates Time Zones: In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed dividing the earth into 24 time zones The U.S. would be divided into 4 zones: the eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific 1883 – Railroads synchronized their watches across U.S. 1884 – International Conference adopts zones US Congress did not adopt this as the official time until 1918

THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES

THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

Who was responsible for creating standardized time zones? Henry Bessemer C.F. Dowd Christopher Sholes Alexander Graham Bell rG ra h. . Al ex a nd e rS Ch ris to ph e Do w 0% h. . 0% d 0% C. F. Be s se m er 0% He nr y 1. 2. 3. 4. 15

Railroads Spur Other Industries: The rapid growth of the railroad industry influenced the iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demand for materials The spread of the railroads also led to the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunity for profiteers It also linked isolated communities together

Railroads Led to Growth of Cities: Denver – The Mile High City Many of today’s major cities owe their legacy to the railroad Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle all grew up thanks to the railroad

Pullman: A Factory and A Town I think he pulls off this look quite well .sorry In 1880, George Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois The nearby town Pullman built for his employees was modeled after early industrial European towns Pullman workers felt his puritanical town was too strict Pullman wanted a stable workforce that he could control in and out of the workplace When he lowered wages but not rent – it led to a violent strike in 1894 (The lowered wages were a result of 1893 panic)

How would you feel about living in a company sponsored town? 1. 2. 3. 4. I like when people make decisions for me. It would have some advantages like guaranteed housing I don’t like having others control my private life. Yikes it is my worst nightmare! 0% 0% 0% 0% ik Il e w n he o pe e pl . a. m o tI w d ul h e av e m so Id o . ik t’ l n e vi a h Y ng . e. h ot it es ik is y m . . t s or w 25

Section 3:Targets By the end of the lesson, I will be able to: 1. Identify management and business strategies that contributed to the success of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie. 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society. 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions. 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and government to union strikes.

Section 3: Big Business and Labor Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls He entered the steel industry in 1873 By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Business Practices: ANDREW CARNEGIE 1835 -1919 Carnegie initiated many new business practices such as; Searching for ways to make better products more cheaply Accounting systems to track expenses Attracting quality people by offering them stock & benefits

Carnegie’s Vertical Integration: Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible How? Vertical integration; he bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines) in order to control materials and transportation

Horizontal Integration: Additionally, Carnegie bought up the competition through friendly and hostile takeovers This is known as Horizontal Integration; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies By 1901 he produced 80% of the nation’s steel

Business Growth and Consolidation Mergers (companies that make similar products join together) could result in a monopoly A monopoly is complete control over an industry A trust is when companies that produce similar products fix prices An example of consolidation: In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil

Ruthless Rockefeller Tactics Used: Low wages to employees Selling oil cheaper than it cost to produce it to force competitors out of business Received kickbacks (money) from higher railroad costs charged to other oil companies. People referred to men like Rockefeller as a “Robber Barron” (stealing from the poor)

Robber Barons: Alarmed at the cutthroat tactics of industrialists, critics began to call them “Robber Barons” (based on European feudalism) Famous “Robber Barons” included Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Stanford, and J.P. Morgan (pictured)

Political Cartoon

Social Darwinism: Charles Darwin LIMITED HIS FINDINGS TO THE ANIMAL WORLD Herbert Spencer COINED THE PHRASE “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” The philosophy known as Social Darwinism has its origins in Darwin’s theory of evolution Darwin theorized that some individuals in a species flourish and pass their traits on while others do not Social Darwinists (like Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of inferiority and laziness

Laissez-Faire Economics Theory based on the French term “allow to do” The marketplace should not be interfered with by the government through the use of regulations Basically: The more competition the better!

Robber Barons Were Generous Too: Despite being labeled as greedy barons, rich industrialists did have a generous side When very rich people give away lots of money it is called “Philanthropy” Carnegie built libraries, Rockefeller, Leland Stanford, and Cornelius Vanderbilt built schools Rockefeller and Carnegie gave an estimated 825 million dollars to the community ROCKEFELLER CHAPEL – UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth People should be allowed to earn as much money as possible without interference BUT People should also pass along money to worthy causes In Carnegie’s case 90% of his wealth

What do think about Carnegie’s “gospel of wealth”? di sa g re e . 0% y is a gr ee 0% om pl et el m ew ha td ta gr ee 0% So m ew ha So To ta l ly ag re e 0% C 1. Totally agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Somewhat disagree 4. Completely disagree. 20

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust) Prosecuting companies under the Act was not easy – a business would simply reorganize into single companies to avoid prosecution (Instead of 1 giant Standard Oil, there would be many smaller versions) Seven of eight cases brought before the Supreme Court were thrown out (Very difficult to enforce!)

Workers Had Poor Conditions: Workers routinely worked 6 or 7 days a week, had no vacations, no sick leave, and no compensation for injuries, worked in unsanitary, poorly ventilated environments Injuries were common – In 1882, an average of 675 workers were killed PER WEEK on the job Men earned roughly 498 per year, women 269 and Carnegie 23 MILLION

Which of the following best describes “laissezfaire economics”? d co m pe . b. . 0% m or e pl e 0% Ta xe ss ho ul sh o ul d . . 0% Th e 0% Pe o 4. sh o. . 3. en t 2. Government should regulate business People should have restrictions on how much money they make Taxes should be distributed equally The more competition the better Go ve rn m 1. 25

Craft Unions: Craft Unions were unions of workers in a skilled trade Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886 Gompers became president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) He focused on collective bargaining to improve conditions, wages and hours Collective bargaining (group negotiations) were used but strikes were also a popular tactic! By 1915 the AFL won major victories in wages (17.50 to 24 dollars a week) and in hours (54.5 to 49 hours per week)

Who is your fav superhero? 1. Superman 2. Batman 3. Wonder Woman 4. Aqua Man 63% 21% 16% M an Aq ua om an an W on de rW Ba tm Su pe rm an 0% 25

Industrial Unionism: Some unions were formed with workers within a specific industry Eugene Debs attempted this Industrial Union with the railway workers In 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages and at its peak had 150,000 members

Socialism and the IWW Some unionists (including Debs) turned to a socialism – an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and an equal distribution of wealth among all citizens The International Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies, was one such socialist union (Led by William Haywood) Called for the joining of all workers (skilled, unskilled, all genders and races)

Strikes Turn Violent: Several strikes turned deadly in the late 19th century as workers and owners clashed The Great Strike of 1877: Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to protest wage cuts Other rail workers across the country struck in sympathy Federal troops were called in to end the strike at the request of President Hayes

The Pullman Strike: After the Pullman Company laid off thousands of workers and cut wages, the workers went on strike in the spring of 1894 Eugene Debs (American Railroad Union) tried to settle dispute which turned violent Pullman hired scabs and fired the strikers – Federal troops were brought in Debs was jailed

Women Organize: Although women were barred from most unions, they did organize behind powerful leaders such as Mary Harris Jones She organized the United Mine Workers of America Mine workers gave her the nickname, “Mother Jones” Pauline Newman organized the International Ladies Garment Workers Union at the age of 16

Which union allowed all types of workers join their organization? 1. AFL 2. Garment Workers Union 3. IWW 4. Industrial Union 95% In du st ri al Un i on IW W ni o er sU or k W en t Ga rm 5% 0% n AF L 0% 15

Employers Fight Unions: The more powerful the unions became, the more employers came to fear them Employers often forbade union meetings and refused to recognize unions Employers forced new workers to sign “Yellow Dog Contracts,” swearing that they would never join a union Despite those efforts, the AFL had over 2 million members by 1914

What do you think of modern day unions? 1. They are still necessary. 2. They should be limited. 3. They are unnecessary but I don’t have an issue with them. 4. They are unnecessary and impede and interfere with business. 37% 37% 21% es sa r. . un n ar e un n Th ey ar e ey Th ec es sa r. . ec be ou ld sh ey Th Th ey ar e st il ln ec e ss lim ite d. ar y. 5% 25

Chapter 6 Main Theme The Expansion of Industry: After the Civil War (1865) the U.S. was still largely agriculture By 1920, the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world This enormous growth was due to three factors; 1) Natural Resources 2) Governmental support 3) Urbanization