A+ Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining, and

A Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting, Sixth Edition Chapter 4 Supporting Processors and Upgrading Memory

Objectives Learn about the characteristics and purposes of Intel and AMD processors used for personal computers Learn how to install and upgrade a processor Learn about the different kinds of physical memory and how they work Learn how to upgrade memory A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 2

Types and Characteristics of Processors Processor – Installed on motherboard – Determines system computing power Two major processor manufacturers – Intel and AMD Figure 4-1 An AMD Athlon 64 X2 installed in socket AM2 with cooler not yet installed A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 3

Types and Characteristics of Processors Features affecting processor performance and compatibility with motherboards – – – – – Clock speed the processor supports Processor speed Socket and chipset the processor can use Processor architecture Multiprocessing abilities Dual processors Multi-core processing Multithreading A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 4

Types and Characteristics of Processors Features affecting processor performance and compatibility with motherboards (cont’d) – Memory cache – Memory features on the motherboard that the processor can support – Support for virtualization – Integrated graphics A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 5

How a Processor Works Basic components – Input/output (I/O) unit Manages data and instructions entering and leaving the processor – Control unit Manages all activities inside the processor – One or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) Performs all logical comparisons, calculations A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 6

How a Processor Works Basic components (cont’d) – Registers Small holding areas on processor chip Holds counters, data, instructions, and addresses ALU is currently processing – Internal memory caches (L1, L2, L3) Holds data and instructions to be processed by ALU – Buses Connect components within the processor housing A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 7

Figure 4-3 Since the Pentium processor was first released in 1993, the standard has been for a processor to have two arithmetic logic units so that it can process two instructions at once A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 8

How a Processor Works Processor frequency (speed) – Speed at which processor operates internally Multiplier – Factor multiplied against system bus frequency Determines processor frequency – System bus frequency multiplier processor frequency Processor sold today contain ALUs and registers that can process 32 bits or 64 bits at a time A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 9

How a Processor Works Three categories of processors: – 32-bit processors – known as x86 processors Can handle 32-bit instructions from OS – Hybrid processors – known as x86-64 processors Can handle a 32-bit OS or a 64-bit OS AMD produced the first one (called AMD64) – 64-bit processors – known as x64 processors Require a 64-bit OS and can handle 32-bit applications only by simulating 32-bit processing A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 10

How a Processor Works Memory cache (L1, L2, or L3) – Each core in a processor has its own L1 and L2 caches – All cores might share an L3 cache within the processor package – Improves performance Memory controller – Included in processor package – Significant increase in system performance A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 11

Figure 4-4 Quad-core processing with L1, L2, and L3 cache and the memory controller within the processor housing A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 12

Table 4-1 Current Intel processors A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 13

Table 4-1 Current Intel processors (continued) A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 14

Intel Processors Processor identification – Processor number Example: two Core i7 processors are identified as: – i7-940 and i7-920 Centrino technology improves laptop performance – Processor, chipset, wireless network adapter are interconnected as a unit A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 15

AMD Processors Table 4-2 Current AMD processors A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 16

Selecting and Installing a Processor PC repair technician tasks – – – – Assemble a PC from parts Exchange a faulty processor Add a processor Upgrade an existing processor Must know how to: – Match processor to system – Install processor on motherboard A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 17

Select a Processor to Match System Needs First requirement – Select processor motherboard is designed to support Select best processor meeting general system requirements and user needs – May have to sacrifice performance for cost A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 18

Install a Processor Installing an Intel processor in socket LGA1155 – 1. Read motherboard user guide and follow directions – 2. Use a ground bracelet or antistatic gloves – 3. Open the socket by pushing down on socket lever and gently push away from socket – 4. Socket load plate opens – 5. Remove socket protective cover – 6. Remove protective cover from processor – 7. Hold processor with index finger and thumb and align processor in socket using the gold triangle and right-angle mark A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 19

Figure 4-13 Align the processor in the socket using the gold triangle and the right-angle mark A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 20

Install a Processor Installing an Intel processor in socket LGA1155 (cont’d): – 8. Ensure the processor is aligned correctly in socket – 9. Return lever to its locked position A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 21

Install a Processor General step to install a cooler – 1. Understand how cooler posts work – 2. Apply thermal compound if necessary (may be preapplied) – 3. Verify locking pins are turned counter-clockwise as far as they will go – 4. Push down on each locking pin until it pops into the hole – 5. Connect power cord from cooler fan to motherboard Check BIOS setup to verify the system recognized processor after system up and running A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 22

Figure 4-21 Verify the CPU is recognized correctly by BIOS setup A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 23

Install a Processor Installing an Intel processor in socket LGA1366 – Similar to installation of processor in Socket LGA 1155 (some steps may not be repeated) – 1. Open the socket and remove protective cover – 2. Line up processor with two posts on the socket (see Figure 4-25 on next slide) – 3. Lower the socket load plate and return lever to locked position Verify system works A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 24

Figure 4-25 Orient the processor over the socket so that the notches on each side of the processor match the posts on each side of the socket A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 25

Install a Processor Installing an Intel processor in socket LGA775 – 1. Push down lever and gently push it away from socket, lift socket load plate and remove socket protective cover – 2. Orient processor so notches on two edges of processor line up with two notches on the socket, place processor in socket – 3. Close the socket cover, push down lever and return it to its locked position Verify system works A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 26

Figure 4-29 Place the processor in the socket, orienting the notches on two sides A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 27

Install a Processor Installing an AMD processor in socket AM2 – Summary of installation steps 1. Open the socket lever and remove protective cover 2. Place processor in the socket 3. Verify processor pins sitting slightly into the holes 4. Press the lever down and gently into position 5. Apply thermal compound and install cooler 6. Clip into place the clipping mechanism on one side of the cooler 7. Connect fan power cord to power connection – Verify system works A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 28

Memory Technologies Random access memory (RAM) – Holds data and instructions used by CPU – Static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM) Both volatile memory Figure 4-34 RAM on motherboards today is stored in DIMMs A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 29

Memory Technologies Variations of DRAM – – – – DIMM – dual inline memory module small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM) – used on laptops microDIMMs – used on subnotebook computers RIMM and SIMM (outdated) Differences among DIMM, RIMM, SIMM modules – Data path width each module accommodates – How data moves from system bus to module A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 30

Table 4-3 Types of memory modules A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 31

Table 4-3 Types of memory modules (continued) A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 32

DIMM Technologies DIMM (dual inline memory module) – 64-bit data path – Independent pins on opposite sides of module – Older DIMMs Asynchronous with system bus – Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) Runs synchronously with system bus Two notches Uses 168 pins A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 33

DIMM Technologies Double Data Rate SDRAM – Also called DDR SDRAM, SDRAM II, DDR Two times faster than SDRAM – DDR2 SDRAM Faster than DDR and uses less power – DDR3 SDRAM Faster than DDR2 and uses less power – DDR2 and DDR3 Use 240 pins Not compatible: use different notches A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 34

DIMM Technologies Factors that affect capacity, features, and performance of DIMMS: – – – – – Number of channels they use How much RAM is on one DIMM Speed Error-checking abilities Buffering A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 35

DIMM Technologies Early single channel DIMMs – Memory controller is accessed one DIMM at a time Dual channels – Memory controller communicates with two DIMMs at the same time Doubles memory access speed Triple channels – Accesses three DIMMs at once DDR, DDR2, DDR3 DIMMs use dual channels – DDR3 DIMMs also use triple channels A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 36

DIMM Technologies Quad channeling – Introduced with Intel Sandy Bridge chipsets and processors – Using eight memory slots: Processor can access four slots at a time using two different channels Figure 4-39 The Intel Desktop Board DX79T0 has eight memory Slots and supports two quad channels A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 37

DIMM Technologies Setting up dual channeling – Pair of DIMMs in a channel must be equally matched Size, speed, features Use same manufacturer (recommendation) Figure 4-37 Matching pairs of DIMMs installed in four DIMM slots that support dual channeling A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 38

DIMM Technologies Setting up triple-channeling – Three DIMM slots populated with three matching DDR3 DIMMs Figure 4-38 Three identical DDR3 DIMMs installed in a triple-channel configuration A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 39

DIMM Technologies DIMM Speed – Measured in MHz and PC rating PC rating – Total bandwidth between module and CPU – DDR2 PC rating Usually labeled PC2 – DDR3 PC rating Usually labeled PC3 A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 40

DIMM Technologies Single-sided DIMM – Memory chips installed on one side of module Double-sided DIMM – Memory chips installed on both sides of module Memory bank – Memory processor addresses at one time – 64 bits wide Dual ranked – DIMMs providing two or more banks Reduces overall memory price at the expense of performance A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 41

DIMM Technologies Error-correcting code (ECC) – Detects and corrects error in a single bit – Application: ECC makes 64-bit DIMM a 72-bit module Parity – Error-checking based on an extra (ninth) bit – Odd parity Parity bit set to make odd number of ones – Even parity Parity bit set to make even number of ones Parity error – Number of bits conflicts with parity used A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 42

DIMM Technologies Buffered and registered DIMMs – Hold data and amplify signal before data written – Registered DIMM Uses registers – Unbuffered DIMM No buffers or register support – Fully buffered DIMM (FB-DIMM) Uses an advanced buffering technique Allows servers to support a large number of DIMMs – Notches on module indicate supported technologies A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 43

DIMM Technologies CAS latency and RAS latency – Column access strobe (CAS) latency – Row access strobe (RAS) latency Both refer to number of clock cycles it takes to write or read a column or row of data off a memory module CAS latency used more than RAS latency Lower values are better than higher – Memory module ads Provide CAS latency value within series of timing numbers – Example: 5-5-5-15 A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 44

RIMM Technologies Direct Rambus DRAM – – – – – Also known as RDRAM, Direct RDRAM, Rambus RIMM memory module Expensive and slower than current DIMMs RIMMs using 16-bit data bus: two notches, 184 pins RIMMs using 32-bit data bus: single notch, 232 pins C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM) – Placeholder module – Ensures continuity throughout all slots – No memory chip A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 45

Memory Technologies and Memory Performance Memory performance factors to consider – – – – – – Total RAM installed Memory technology used Speed of memory in MHz, PC rating, or ns ECC or non-ECC CL or RL rating Single, dual, triple or quad channeling Connectors inside memory slots are tin or gold – Edge connectors on memory modules follow suit – Match connectors to prevent corrosive chemical reactions between metals A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 46

How to Upgrade Memory Basic technique – Add more RAM modules Problems solved – – – – Slow performance Applications refusing to load An unstable system Windows “Insufficient memory” error message A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 47

How to Upgrade Memory Questions to ask – How much RAM do I need and how much is currently installed? – How many and what kind of memory modules are currently installed on my motherboard? – How many and what kind of modules can I fit on my motherboard? – How do I select and purchase the right modules for my upgrade? – How do I physically install the new modules? A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 48

How Much Memory Do I Need and How Much Is Currently Installed? Best answer: “All you can get” – Windows 7 requires at least 2 GB RAM – RAM limit for a 32-bit OS 4 GB installed RAM A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 49

How Many and What Kind of Memory Modules Are Currently Installed? Open the case and look at memory slots – How many slots? – How many filled? – Review module imprint Examine module for physical size and notch position Read motherboard documentation – See if board supports dual, triple, or quad channels Last resort – Take motherboard and old memory modules to a good computer parts store for confirmation A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 50

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? Read motherboard documentation – Indicates how much memory motherboard can physically hold DIMM modules – DIMMs can be installed as single modules – Motherboard supporting dual channeling Install matching DIMMs in each channel for best performance – DDR3 board supporting triple channeling For best performance install three matching DIMMs in triple-channel slots A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 51

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? Motherboard using DDR3 triple-channel DIMMs – Use three matching DIMMs in the three blue slots If fourth slot populated, board reverts to single channeling – Dual channeling: Install two matching DIMMs in two blue slots farthest from processor Leave other two slots empty – For one installed DIMM: Place it in the blue slot farthest position from processor A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 52

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? Motherboard using DDR3 triple-channel DIMMs (cont’d.) – Follow motherboard documentation – Serial Presence Detect (SPD) Declares module’s size, speed, voltage, and data path width to system BIOS at startup Today’s memory always supports SPD A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 53

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? Motherboard using DDR DIMMs with dual channeling – Allows three different DDR DIMM speeds in one to four sockets, supports dual channeling – Two blue memory slots and two black slots – For dual channeling – Matching DIMMs must be installed in the two blue sockets – If two DIMMs installed in the two black sockets – They must match each other A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 54

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? Pentium motherboard using DDR DIMMs – Example: Motherboard using 168-pin single-sided DIMM modules – Documentation says to use unbuffered, 3.3-V, ECC, PC100 DIMM SDRAM modules PC100: modules should be rated to work with a motherboard running at 100 MHz – Can choose to use or not use ECC modules BIOS setup should show feature disabled – Three DIMM slots on the board (sockets) hold one bank of memory A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 55

How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on My Motherboard? RIMM modules – No longer made – Replace one or more C-RIMMs with RIMMs Match new RIMMs existing RIMMs Follow motherboard documentation – Look at existing modules and motherboard documentation A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 56

How Do I Select and Purchase the Right Memory Modules? Compromises if exact match not available – Mixing unbuffered memory with buffered Registered memory will not work – Match memory module manufacturer if possible Try using memory from two different manufacturers – If mixing memory speeds: All modules perform at slowest speed A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 57

How Do I Select and Purchase the Right Memory Modules? Using a web site to research your purchase – Look for search utility matching modules to board Figure 4-56 The Kingston web site DIMM recommendations for a particular motherboard A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 58

How Do I Install the New Modules? Precautions: – Always use a ground bracelet – Turn off power, unplug power cord, press power button, remove case cover – Handle memory modules with care – Do not touch metal contacts on memory module or expansion cards – Do not stack cards or modules – Look for notches on one side or in the middle for correct orientation A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 59

How Do I Install the New Modules? Installing DIMMS – – – – Pull out supporting arms on the sides of the slot Use notches on DIMM edge connector as a guide Insert DIMM straight down into the slot Ensure supporting arms lock into position New installations are generally uncomplicated – Usually involve placing memory on motherboard – Older computers may need change to CMOS setup – If new memory not recognized try reseating device A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 60

How Do I Install the New Modules? Installing RIMMS – Install RIMMs beginning with bank 0, followed by bank 1 – If C-RIMM is already in the slot remove C-RIMM – Insert module straight down in the socket – When fully inserted supporting clips should pop back into place A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 61

Summary Processor: most important motherboard component – Two major manufacturers are Intel and AMD Processors are rated by speed of the system bus, the socket and chipset, processor architecture, multi-core rating, internal memory cache, amount and type of RAM and computing technologies Memory cache inside the processor housing can be L1, L2, and L3 cache Core of processor has two arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and each core can process two threads at once A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 62

Summary Current families of Intel processors include Core, Atom, Celeron, and Pentium Current AMD processor families include FX, Phenom, Athlon, and Sempron Select a processor that the motherboard supports When installing, always follow directions in motherboard user guide DRAM is stored on four kinds of modules: DIMM, SO-DIMM, RIMM, and SIMM modules DIMMs can be single-sided or double-sided A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 63

Summary DIMMs can work together in dual, triple, or quad channels DIMM and RIMM speeds are measured in MHz or PC rating The memory controller can check memory for errors and possibly correct those errors using ECC Buffers and registers are used to hold data and amplify a data signal RIMMs require that every RIMM slot be populated When upgrading memory, use the type, size, and speed the motherboard supports A Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition Cengage Learning 2013 64