9 Chapter Accounting for the Business-Type Activities

9 Chapter Accounting for the Business-Type Activities

Proprietary Funds Reasons for use To compare benefits and costs of the business-type activities of a government Enhances management of activities in which goods or services are provided on a cost-reimbursement basis to departments of the same government or to the general public on a user charge basis

Proprietary Funds Accounting equation Assets - Liabilities Net Assets Unrestricted Restricted (e.g., for payment of debt service) Invested in Capital Assets, Net of Related Debt

Proprietary Funds Accounting Characteristics Full Accrual basis Capital assets and long-term liabilities accounted for within the funds Flexible rather than fixed budgets recommended; generally budgetary accounts need not be integrated into the general ledger Depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation are recorded and reported For accounting guidance look to accounting procedures used by private enterprises of the similar type

Proprietary Funds Required Financial Statements Similar to those for a forprofit entity: Statement of Net Assets (or Balance Sheet) Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Net Assets Statement of Cash Flows

Internal Service Funds Used when authorized by legislative approval to account for activities in which goods and services are provided to departments of the same government on a cost reimbursement basis

Internal Service Funds (Cont’d) Reasons for use Improve management of common resources by placing them under centralized management and control

Common Types of Internal Service Funds Motor pools Central purchasing Storage Issuance of supplies Self-insurance pools Central data processing Printing

Pricing Policies for Internal Service Funds Pricing is set by local management or by legislative policy Pricing objectives vary; can cover full costs (direct and indirect), direct costs only, or whatever management desires Legislative bodies are sometimes reluctant to establish ISFs because they are do not wish to let purchasing occur outside the budget.

Internal Service Funds Accounting Procedures Generally should use the same accounting procedures that a similar business entity would use. Apply all FASB’s issued prior to November 30,1989 May elect to adopt FASB’s after that date “Billings to Departments” is the revenue account that is similar to Sales of a for-profit entity Revenues and expenses are closed at year-end to “Excess of Net Billings to Departments over Costs” (or “Excess of Costs over Net Billings to Departments”) rather than to Income Summary

Internal Service Funds Financial Statements Other than the slight difference in terminology, the financial statements are essentially the same as those of a comparable for-profit entity. Statement of Net Assets Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Net Assets Statement of Cash Flows with four sections that comply with GASB standards

ISF—Statement of Cash Flows Similarities between GASB and FASB standards: Cash Flows Statement shows cash inflows/outflows relating to operating, financing, and investing activities Both sets of standards define cash flows as cash and cash equivalents (i.e., time deposits, marketable securities, and other items readily convertible to cash)

ISF—Statement of Cash Flows (Cont’d) Differences between GASB and FASB standards: GASB cash flow statement divides financing activities into noncapital and capital and related financing activities Acquisition of capital assets is a capital and related financing transaction in the GASB Cash Flows Statement rather than an investing activity. Interest expense on long-term debt is a capital and related financing activity in the GASB cash flow statement rather than an operating activity Cash flows from operating activities must be shown using the direct method.

Internal Service Funds (Cont’d) GASB standards require that an ISF be used for risk management (self-insurance) pools of a government: The ISF should recognize claims expense and a related liability when: it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable, or if an estimable loss has been incurred and it is probable that a claim will be asserted Disclose other loss contingencies in the notes.

Terminating an Internal Service Fund Transfer ISF's assets to another fund which will continue same activity Terminate activity and distribute assets in-kind to another fund or funds Convert ISF's assets to cash and distribute cash to another fund or funds

Enterprise Funds Reasons for use: account for services provided to the general public on a user charge basis, or where the governing body has determined that periodic determination of revenues earned, expenses incurred, and/or net income is appropriate for capital maintenance, public policy, management control, accountability, or other purposes

Common Types of Enterprise Funds Water and sewer Gas and electric utilities Transportation systems Airports Ports Toll roads and bridges Parking garages and lots Golf courses Hospitals Liquor stores

Enterprise Funds—Restricted Assets Assets whose use is restricted by contractual agreements or legal requirements Typical examples: Customer deposits of utilities, assets set aside for repayment of revenue bond principal, reserves for maintenance of plant, and funding of depreciation Ideally liabilities to be paid from restricted assets should be reported separately from liabilities to be paid from unrestricted assets, but not required by GAAP. Net Assets - Restricted should be reported in the Equity section of the Statement of Net Assets.

EF—Special Current Liabilities In addition to the usual Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses, use two special current liability accounts: Customers Advances for Construction Usually up-front deposits required to be made by builders to provide all or part of the cost of connecting new structures to utility lines. May or may not be refunded in part upon completion Customer Deposits Usually reported under the caption “Liabilities Payable from Restricted Assets” Even if not refundable until service is terminated, AICPA guidance defines this as a current liability

EF—Long-term Liabilities Bonds or other debt that will be repaid from proprietary fund resources is reported as long-term debt of the fund. Bonds whose interest and principal are to be repaid from the revenues of a proprietary fund are called “revenue bonds” If bonds primarily or secondarily have general obligation backing, but are being serviced by a proprietary fund, they are treated as revenue bonds. The general obligation contingency is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

EF—Regulatory Accounting Principles (RAP) In a few states, municipally-owned utilities are subject to rate regulation by a state regulatory agency, which also regulates investor-owned utilities that operate in the state. Those states may require government owned utilities to follow the regulatory accounting principles specified by organizations such NARUC and FERC.

Enterprise Funds RAP (Cont’d) Financial statement differences Plant assets and long-term liabilities are often reported above current assets and current liabilities, respectively Plant assets may be reported at depreciated original cost. Subsequent transfers of ownership require new owners to report assets at depreciated original cost; any excess of purchase price above the net book value of the assets on the old owner's books is reported as "Utility Plant Acquisition Adjustment" in the new owner’s accounts. Regulators may require this account to be amortized at a different rate than used for depreciation.

Enterprise Funds RAP (Cont’d) Q: Why are plant assets and long-term debt reported above current assets and current liabilities under RAP? A: This is because in regulated utilities, the magnitude of plant assets and long-term debt is great in relation to current assets and liabilities. Current assets and liabilities tend to be comparatively immaterial

Enterprise Funds RAP (Cont’d) Key RAP definitions: Original cost: The (depreciated) cost to the first owner to place the utility plant into public use Utility Plant Acquisition Adjustment: The difference between the purchase price of a utility plant less the net original cost of the plant on the seller’s books.

Municipal Solid Waste Landfills An EPA rule requires all municipal landfills to meet stringent location, design, and operating requirements to minimize the potential for environmental damage. Operators must also provide financial assurance they can properly close landfills when full and provide post-closure ground water monitoring for 30 years after closure. These stringent rules are designed to protect the environment from irresponsible handling of hazardous materials

Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (Cont’d) Estimate the current cost of hiring a qualified thirdparty to close the MSWLF and care for it for 30 years after closure Recognize a portion of this cost proportionate to the ratio of estimated capacity utilized during a year over the total capacity of the landfill as an expense of the enterprise fund and as a liability Annual adjustments are made as estimates change from year to year. There are several required note disclosures as we will discuss in a later chapter.